Journal ArticleDOI
Measurement of microwave backscattering signatures of the ocean surface using X band and Ka band airborne scatterometers
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In this article, an airborne microwave scatterometer-radiometer system operated in X band and Ka band was applied to the observations of microwave backscattering signatures of the ocean, and the normalized radar cross sections σ0 were measured as combined functions of microwave frequency (10.00 GHz and 34.43 GHz), polarization (HH and VV), incident angle (0°−70°), azimuth angle ( 0°−360°), and wind speed (3.2−17.2 m/s).Abstract:
An airborne microwave scatterometer-radiometer system operated in X band and Ka band was applied to the observations of microwave backscattering signatures of the ocean. The normalized radar cross sections σ0 were measured as combined functions of microwave frequency (10.00 GHz and 34.43 GHz), polarization (HH and VV), incident angle (0°–70°), azimuth angle (0°–360°), and wind speed (3.2–17.2 m/s). The azimuth anisotropic signatures for Ka band are confirmed to be similar to those for X band, and the wind speed dependences are analyzed for each azimuth angle, polarization, and incident angle. For each parameter the behaviors of σ0 for microwave frequencies is shown as compared with the results obtained by other experiments and theories. The effective reflection coefficient, the mean square surface slope, and the two-dimensional wave number spectrum of the short surface waves are estimated from the microwave scattering signatures.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
TanDEM-X: A Satellite Formation for High-Resolution SAR Interferometry
Gerhard Krieger,Alberto Moreira,Hauke Fiedler,Irena Hajnsek,Marian Werner,Marwan Younis,Manfred Zink +6 more
TL;DR: A detailed overview of the TanDEM-X mission concept is given which is based on the systematic combination of several innovative technologies, including a novel satellite formation flying concept allowing for the collection of bistatic data with short along-track baselines, as well as the use of new interferometric modes for system verification and DEM calibration.
TanDEM-X: A satellite formation for high-resolution SAR interferometry
Gerhard Krieger,Hauke Fiedler,Manfred Zink,Irena Hajnsek,Marwan Younis,Sigurd Huber,Martin Bachmann,J. Hueso Gonzalez,Marian Werner,Alberto Moreira +9 more
Journal ArticleDOI
Radar scattering and equilibrium ranges in wind‐generated waves with application to scatterometry
TL;DR: In this paper, a model for the response of surface waves in the gravity-capillary equilibrium region of the spectrum is proposed on the basis of a local (in wavenumber) balance between wind input and dissipation.
Journal ArticleDOI
An improved model of the ocean surface wave vector spectrum and its effects on radar backscatter
TL;DR: In this article, an improved model for the ocean surface wave vector spectrum based on recent work by M. A. Donelan, M. L. Banner, and B. Jahne and their collaborators is presented.
Journal ArticleDOI
Modeling of wind direction signals in polarimetric sea surface brightness temperatures
TL;DR: Polarimetric microwave emissions from wind-generated sea surfaces are investigated with a polarimetric two-scale scattering model, which relates the directional wind-wave spectrum to passive microwave signatures of sea surfaces and theoretical azimuthal modulations are found to agree well with experimental observations.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Open Ocean Momentum Flux Measurements in Moderate to Strong Winds
W. G. Large,Stephen Pond +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, a comparison of the dissipation and Reynolds flux results shows excellent agreement on average, for wind speeds from 4 to 20 m s−1, for a modified Gill propeller-vane anemometer was used to measure the velocity.
Journal ArticleDOI
Measurement of the Roughness of the Sea Surface from Photographs of the Sun’s Glitter
Charles S. Cox,Walter Munk +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, a method was developed for interpreting the statistics of the sun's glitter on the sea surface in terms of the statistic of the slope distribution, which was applied to aerial photographs taken under carefully chosen conditions in the Hawaiian area.
Journal ArticleDOI
An improved model for the dielectric constant of sea water at microwave frequencies
TL;DR: In this article, the dielectric constant of sea water has been measured at S-band and L-band with a quoted uncertainty of tenths of a percent, and expressions are developed which will yield computations of brightness temperature having an error of no more than 0.3 K for an undisturbed sea at frequencies lower than X-band.
Journal ArticleDOI
A new model for sea clutter
TL;DR: In this article, first-order scattering theory is applied to obtain sea clutter cross sections in terms of mean-squared height spectrum of the sea surface, and the results are in remarkably good agreement with observations for vertical polarization at P-, L-, C-, and X -bands.
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