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Journal ArticleDOI

Measurement of Rain Induced Attenuation over a Line of Sight Link Operating at 28.75 GHz at Amritsar (INDIA)

TL;DR: In this article, the results of the measurements of rain induced attenuation of a LOS link operating at 28.75 GHz at Amritsar (31°36′ N 74° 52′ E) for a single event that occurred on the 15th Nov., 2004.
Abstract: The need of higher bandwidth systems has led the system designer to shift into higher frequency region. But working at these high frequency regions is not that easy. The paper presents results of the measurements of rain induced attenuation of a LOS link operating at 28.75 GHz at Amritsar (31°36′ N 74° 52′ E) for a single event that occurred on the 15th Nov., 2004. The results have been compared with those of ITU-R Model. It is observed that there is a significant difference between the attenuation levels measured and those predicted by using ITU-R model.
Citations
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Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, a comparison between rain rate data set with a sampling period of 1 minute and existing rain rate prediction models is presented, and a comparison is made between the two models.
Abstract: Statistics of 1 minute rain rate has a major impact in the design of satellite communication systems at frequencies above 10 GHz. The effect of rain causes serious degradation of radio signals at frequencies above about 10 GHz; therefore, models for the prediction of statistics of excess path attenuation needed for the design of communication propagation paths requires a statistical description of rain-rate occurrences. In this paper, the tasks are tackled by processing 3 years rain rate data for selected sites in the equatorial region. A comparison between rain rate data set with a sampling period of 1 minute and existing rain rate prediction models is presented.

18 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
09 Feb 2021-Sensors
TL;DR: A survey of terrestrial rain attenuation models can be found in this article, where the requirements of this survey are first discussed, with various dataset developing techniques and a set of error performance evaluation techniques are introduced.
Abstract: Millimeter-wave (30–300 GHz) frequency is a promising candidate for 5G and beyond wireless networks, but atmospheric elements limit radio links at this frequency band. Rainfall is the significant atmospheric element that causes attenuation in the propagated wave, which needs to estimate for the proper operation of fade mitigation technique (FMT). Many models have been proposed in the literature to estimate rain attenuation. Various models have a distinct set of input parameters along with separate estimation mechanisms. This survey has garnered multiple techniques that can generate input dataset for the rain attenuation models. This study extensively investigates the existing terrestrial rain attenuation models. There is no survey of terrestrial rain mitigation models to the best of our knowledge. In this article, the requirements of this survey are first discussed, with various dataset developing techniques. The terrestrial links models are classified, and subsequently, qualitative and quantitative analyses among these terrestrial rain attenuation models are tabulated. Also, a set of error performance evaluation techniques is introduced. Moreover, there is a discussion of open research problems and challenges, especially the exigency for developing a rain attenuation model for the short-ranged link in the E-band for 5G and beyond networks.

14 citations

01 May 2017
TL;DR: In this article, a simple approach for better estimation of specific rain attenuation and rain rate distributions using TRMM and GPCP datasets is presented, for the first time estimations are presented over different homogeneous regions of India and compared with TRMM/GPCP data sets.
Abstract: Rain rate and rain attenuation predictions are one of the most important steps to be considered when analyzing satellite communication links at the Ku and Ka bands. In this paper a simple approach for better estimation of specific rain attenuation and rain rate distributions using TRMM and GPCP datasets is presented. For the first time estimations are presented over different homogeneous regions of India and compared with TRMM and GPCP data sets. These two datasets are interpolated using the Bi Linear interpolation method for the13 (1998-2010) years monthly data. Using the modified Dutton Dougherty method One minute rain rate distribution is estimated. These results (CDF) are compared with ITU-R P.837.5 recommendations, and observed the relative error at different (0.001-1%) probabilities. The specific rain attenuation calculation at 0.01% and 0.001% of probabilities for 10-50GHZ frequencies over the 6 homogeneous regions of India are presented using the ITU-R method. Observations indicate maximum specific attenuation in the NE region, Cherapunji at 0.001% of the time, and minimum attenuation observed to be 21.988 dB/km in Bikaner at 0.01% off at 50 GHZ frequency in the NW region. Rain attenuation and rain rate distribution are observed to exhibit similar characteristics over the six homogeneous regions of India.

9 citations


Cites background from "Measurement of Rain Induced Attenua..."

  • ...Sharma et al.20 conducted rain attenuation measurements at 28.75 GHz over a terrestrial path link in Amritsar, India....

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  • ...Sharma et al.(20) conducted rain attenuation measurements at 28....

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
20 Oct 2011
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the results of two year rain attenuation measurement program conducted in a tropical site Amritsar (India), based upon the rain rate data collected by using a tipping bucket rain gauge and receiver data of LOS link operating at 28.75 GHz.
Abstract: The effect of precipitation present in the path of earth-space communication links, in terms of fading of the signal, is well known. The calculation of fade margin required for 99.99 % of the time-availability of such links requires the knowledge of rain rate and attenuation levels for 0.01 % time of the year. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU-R) has given recommendations regarding the estimation of rain rate and attenuation levels but it has been found that the recommendations are not suitable for tropical regions whereas some degree of agreement has been found for temperate regions. The paper presents the results of two year rain attenuation measurement program conducted in a tropical site Amritsar (India). The results are based upon the rain rate data collected by using a tipping bucket rain gauge and receiver data of LOS link operating at 28.75 GHz. The results presented in the form of cumulative distributions (CD) of rainfall rates and rain attenuation are compared with the calculated ones in accordance with relevant ITU-R recommendations. The experimental results are different from that predicted by ITU-R.

4 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a new concept of path length reduction factor is introduced which accounts for the inhomogeneous nature of the rain droplets along the path length of the microwave signal.
Abstract: The effect of environmental factors in general and rain droplets in particular, on microwave propagation is a very well known fact now. If the rain droplets are present in an inhomogeneous way across the path length of the microwave communication system then, a new concept of path length reduction factor is introduced which accounts for the inhomogeneous nature of the rain droplets along the path length of the microwave signal. The present paper presents results of path length reduction factor using data on attenuation levels obtained on a LOS link operating at 28.75 GHz in Amritsar region and its comparison with Crane’s and ITU-R’s model.

4 citations


Cites methods from "Measurement of Rain Induced Attenua..."

  • ...Measurement of rain induced attenuation over an LOS link has been described in [ 4 ]....

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  • ...The attenuation ‘A’ was measured using the procedure described in [ 4 ] . While the total path length is taken to be as 2.29 kms....

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  • ...The whole procedure for the estimation of rain attenuation has been described in [ 4 ]....

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  • ...The complete experimental setup is as shown in Fig. 1 [ 4 ]....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focused on rain attenuation and its influence on the availability of terrestrial radiocommunication systems operating at frequencies above 10 GHz, and the availability objectives recently established by the Comite Consultatif International des Radio-Communications for digital systems, the information necessary, and a calculation procedure applicable for system design are examined.
Abstract: In this review, attention is confined to rain attenuation and to its influence on the availability of terrestrial radiocommunication systems operating at frequencies above 10 GHz. The availability objectives recently established by the Comite Consultatif International des Radiocommunications for digital systems, the information necessary, and a calculation procedure applicable for system design are examined. Various methods for predicting attenuation due to rain are compared and reviewed. Present trends for the use of frequencies above 10 GHz in terrestrial systems are illustrated, and areas in which further study is needed are indicated.

25 citations

DOI
01 Aug 1986
TL;DR: In this article, a short review of the theoretical solution for the problem of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and rain in the frequency range 10-100 GHz together with some experimental results is presented.
Abstract: The paper presents a short review of the theoretical solution for the problem of the interaction between electromagnetic radiation and rain in the frequency range 10–100 GHz together with some experimental results. The raindrop shapes are assumed to be spherical. This approximation is considered valid for the small diameter raindrops which are the most important at millimetre wavelengths. Particular attention is devoted to the effect of the raindrop-size distribution on rain induced attenuation, and a comparison is made between the theoretical prediction for attenuation and phase dispersion using the Laws and Parsons and the log-normal raindrop-size distributions. Rain-induced attenuation measurements were made simultaneously at 36 GHz and 55 GHz on a common 4.1 km link and are presented for isolated rainfall events as well as in a statistical form for two separate periods of 12 and 17 months. The measurements are compared with the Laws and Parsons and the log-normal raindrop-size distribution predictions. Comparison is also made with attenuation measurements made on the same path at 36 GHz and 110 GHz.

11 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the results of measurements of rain-induced attenuation in the vertically polarized signal propagating at 19.4 GHz over a 2.29-km line-of-sight (LOS) link during some rain events, which occurred in the monsoon season of the year 2001 at Amritsar, India.
Abstract: We present here the results of measurements of rain-induced attenuation in the vertically polarized signal propagating at 19.4 GHz over a 2.29-km line-of-sight (LOS) link during some rain events, which occurred in the monsoon season of the year 2001 at Amritsar, India. The total attenuation over the link path measured experimentally has been compared with that obtained using Marshal-Palmer (MP) drop size distribution and Medhurst's theoretical values and International Radio Consultative Committee (CCIR) model. Our measured results are in excellent agreement with the MP prediction.

6 citations