Measurements of the internal magnetic field on DIII-D using intensity and spacing of the motional Stark multiplet.
TL;DR: A version of a motional Stark effect (MSE) diagnostic based on the relative line intensities and spacing of Stark split D(alpha) emission from the neutral beams, recently installed on the DIII-D tokamak.
Abstract: We describe a version of a motional Stark effect (MSE) diagnostic based on the relative line intensities and spacing of Stark split Dα emission from the neutral beams. This system, named B-Stark, has been recently installed on the DIII-D tokamak. To find the magnetic pitch angle, we use the ratio of the intensities of the π3 and σ1 lines. These lines originate from the same upper level and so are not dependent on the level populations. In future devices, such as ITER, this technique may have advantages over diagnostics based on MSE polarimetry. We have done an optimization of the viewing direction for the available ports on DIII-D to choose the installation location. With this placement, we have a near optimal viewing angle of 59.6° from the vertical direction. All hardware has been installed for one chord, and we have been routinely taking data since January 2007. We fit the spectra using a simple Stark model in which the upper level populations of the Dα transition are treated as free variables. The magnitude and direction of the magnetic field obtained using this diagnostic technique compare well with measurements from MSE polarimetry and EFIT.
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TL;DR: The neutral-beam induced D(α) emission spectrum contains a wealth of information such as deuterium ion temperature, toroidal rotation, density, beam emission intensity, beam neutral density, and local magnetic field strength magnitude from the Stark-split beam emission spectrum.
Abstract: The neutral-beam induced D(α) emission spectrum contains a wealth of information such as deuterium ion temperature, toroidal rotation, density, beam emission intensity, beam neutral density, and local magnetic field strength magnitude |B| from the Stark-split beam emission spectrum, and fast-ion D(α) emission (FIDA) proportional to the beam-injected fast ion density. A comprehensive spectral fitting routine which accounts for all photoemission processes is employed for the spectral analysis. Interpretation of the measurements to determine physically relevant plasma parameters is assisted by the use of an optimized viewing geometry and forward modeling of the emission spectra using a Monte-Carlo 3D simulation code.
63 citations
TL;DR: Luxon et al. as mentioned in this paper measured the main ion rotation in deuterium plasmas, particularly in regions of the plasma with steep pressure gradients where very large differences can be expected between bulk ion and impurity rotation.
Abstract: Bulk ion toroidal rotation plays a critical role in controlling microturbulence and MHD stability as well as yielding important insight into angular momentum transport and the investigation of intrinsic rotation. So far, our understanding of bulk plasma flow in hydrogenic plasmas has been inferred from impurity ion velocity measurements and neoclassical theoretical calculations. However, the validity of these inferences has not been tested rigorously through direct measurement of the main-ion rotation in deuterium plasmas, particularly in regions of the plasma with steep pressure gradients where very large differences can be expected between bulk ion and impurity rotation. New advances in the analysis of wavelength-resolved Dα emission on the DIII-D tokamak [J. L. Luxon et al., Fusion Sci. Technol. 48, 807 (2002)] have enabled accurate measurements of the main-ion (deuteron) temperature and toroidal rotation. The Dα emission spectrum is accurately fit using a model that incorporates thermal deuterium char...
62 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the collisional-radiative (CR) models for the neutral beam (NB) and found good agreement between the different CR models for NB, if corrections to the fundamental cross sections are taken into account.
Abstract: Several collisional–radiative (CR) models (Anderson et al 2000 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 42 781–806, Hutchinson 2002 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 44 71–82, Marchuk et al 2008 Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79 10F532) have been developed to calculate the attenuation and the population of excited states of hydrogen or deuterium beams injected into tokamak plasmas. The datasets generated by these CR models are needed for the modelling of beam ion deposition and (excited) beam densities in current experiments, and the reliability of these data will be crucial to obtain helium ash densities on ITER combining charge exchange and beam emission spectroscopy. Good agreement between the different CR models for the neutral beam (NB) is found, if corrections to the fundamental cross sections are taken into account. First the Hα and Hβ beam emission spectra from JET are compared with the expected intensities. Second, the line ratios within the Stark multiplet are compared with the predictions of a sublevel resolved model. The measured intensity of the full multiplet is ≈30% lower than expected on the basis of beam attenuation codes and the updated beam emission rates, but apart from the atomic data this could also be due to the characterization of the NB path and line of sight integration and the absolute calibration of the optics. The modelled n = 3 to n = 4 population agrees very well with the ratio of the measured Hα to Hβ beam emission intensities. Good agreement is found as well between the NB power fractions measured with beam emission in plasma and on the JET Neutral Beam Test Bed. The Stark line ratios and σ/π intensity ratio deviate from a statistical distribution, in agreement with the CR model in parabolic states from Marchuk et al (2010 J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 43 011002).
47 citations
TL;DR: Newly installed diagnostic capabilities on the DIII-D tokamak enable the measurement of main ion (deuterium) velocity and temperature by charge exchange recombination spectroscopy.
Abstract: Newly installed diagnostic capabilities on the DIII-D tokamak [J. L. Luxon, Nucl. Fusion 46, 6114 (2002)] enable the measurement of main ion (deuterium) velocity and temperature by charge exchange recombination spectroscopy. The uncertainty in atomic physics corrections for determining the velocity is overcome by exploiting the geometrical dependence of the apparent velocity on the viewing angle with respect to the neutral beam.
31 citations
TL;DR: In this article, wide-angle, 2D imaging of Doppler-shifted, Balmer alpha (Dα) emission from high energy injected neutrals, charge exchange recombination (CER) emissions from neutral beam interaction with thermal ions and fully stripped impurity ions and visible bremsstrahlung (VB) from the core of DIII-D plasmas has been carried out.
Abstract: Wide-angle, 2D imaging of Doppler-shifted, Balmer alpha (Dα) emission from high energy injected neutrals, charge exchange recombination (CER) emission from neutral beam interaction with thermal ions and fully stripped impurity ions and visible bremsstrahlung (VB) from the core of DIII-D plasmas has been carried out. Narrowband interference filters were used to isolate the specific wavelength ranges of visible radiation for detection by a tangentially viewing, fast-framing camera. Measurements of the Dα emission from fast neutrals injected into the plasma from the low field side reveal the vertical distribution of the beam, its divergence and the variation in its radial penetration with density. Modeling of this emission using both a full Monte Carlo collisional radiative code as well as a simple beam attenuation code coupled to Atomic Data and Analysis Structure emissivity lookup tables yields qualitative agreement, however the absolute magnitudes of the emissivities in the predicted distribution are larger than those measured. Active measurements of carbon CER brightness are in agreement with those made independently along the beam midplane using DIII-D's multichordal, CER spectrometer system, confirming the potential of this technique for obtaining 2D profiles of impurity density. Passive imaging of VB, which can be inverted to obtain local emissivity profiles, is compared with measurements from both a calibrated filter/photomultiplier array and the standard multichordal CER spectrometer system.
30 citations
References
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28 Jun 2010
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose to use alternative cosmic tracers to measure the dark energy equation of state and the matter content of the universe [w(z)&Ωm].
Abstract: We propose to use alternative cosmic tracers to measure the dark energy equation of state and the matter content of the Universe [w(z)&Ωm]. Our proposed method consists of two components: (a) tracing the Hubble relation using HII galaxies which can be detected up to very large redshifts, z∼4, as an alternative to supernovae type Ia, and (b) measuring the clustering pattern of X‐ray selected AGN at a median redshift of ∼1. Each component of the method can in itself provide interesting constraints on the cosmological parameters, especially under our anticipation that we will reduce the corresponding random and systematic errors significantly. However, by joining their likelihood functions we will be able to put stringent cosmological constraints and break the known degeneracies between the dark energy equation of state (whether it is constant or variable) and the matter content of the universe and provide a powerful and alternative route to measure the contribution to the global dynamics and the equation of...
1,285 citations
TL;DR: The ExB shear stabilization model was originally developed to explain the transport barrier formed at the plasma edge in tokamaks after the L (low) to H (high) transition as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: One of the scientific success stories of fusion research over the past decade is the development of the ExB shear stabilization model to explain the formation of transport barriers in magnetic confinement devices. This model was originally developed to explain the transport barrier formed at the plasma edge in tokamaks after the L (low) to H (high) transition. This concept has the universality needed to explain the edge transport barriers seen in limiter and divertor tokamaks, stellarators, and mirror machines. More recently, this model has been applied to explain the further confinement improvement from H (high)-mode to VH (very high)-mode seen in some tokamaks, where the edge transport barrier becomes wider. Most recently, this paradigm has been applied to the core transport barriers formed in plasmas with negative or low magnetic shear in the plasma core. These examples of confinement improvement are of considerable physical interest; it is not often that a system self-organizes to a higher energy state with reduced turbulence and transport when an additional source of free energy is applied to it. The transport decrease that is associated with ExB velocity shear effects also has significant practical consequences for fusion research. The fundamental physics involved in transport reduction is the effect of ExB shear on the growth, radial extent and phase correlation of turbulent eddies in the plasma. The same fundamental transport reduction process can be operational in various portions of the plasma because there are a number ways to change the radial electric field Er. An important theme in this area is the synergistic effect of ExB velocity shear and magnetic shear. Although the ExB velocity shear appears to have an effect on broader classes of microturbulence, magnetic shear can mitigate some potentially harmful effects of ExB velocity shear and facilitate turbulence stabilization.
1,251 citations
Book•
01 Sep 1982
TL;DR: In this paper, the elements of quantum mechanics are defined: electrons, photons and atoms, and the interaction of one-electron atoms with electromagnetic radiation is discussed, and some applications of atomic physics are discussed.
Abstract: 1. Electrons, photons and atoms. 2. The elements of quantum mechanics. 3. One-electron atoms. 4. Interaction of one-electron atoms with electromagnetic radiation. 5. One-electron atoms: fine structures and interactions with external electric and magnetic fields. 6. Two-electron atoms. 7. Many-electron atoms. 8. The interaction of many-electron atoms with electromagnetic fields. 9. Molecular structure. 10. Molecular spectra. 11. Atomic collisions: basic concepts and potential scattering. 12. Electron-atom collisions. 13. Atom-atom collisions. 14. Some applications of atomic physics.
1,028 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an efficient method is given for self-consistent reconstruction of the tokamak current profiles and their associated magnetic topology using the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equilibrium constraint from external magnetic measurements, kinetic profile measurements, internal poloidal magnetic field measurements, and topological information from soft X-ray (SXR) measurements.
Abstract: An efficient method is given for self-consistent reconstruction of the tokamak current profiles and their associated magnetic topology using the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equilibrium constraint from external magnetic measurements, kinetic profile measurements, internal poloidal magnetic field measurements, and topological information from soft X-ray (SXR) measurements. Illustrative examples for beam heated H-mode divertor discharges in the DIII-D tokamak are presented, using the experimentally measured kinetic profile information and external magnetic data from the existing diagnostics. Comparative reconstructions of the current profile using various combinations of diagnostics are given. Also presented is an alternative magnetic analysis method in which the MHD equilibrium is reconstructed using external magnetic data and a constraint on the edge pressure gradient. The results of a sensitivity study are given which show that the axial safety factor q(0) can be more accurately determined when additional information from internal poloidal magnetic measurements is used in conjunction with the external magnetic, kinetic and SXR topological data.
584 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the implementation and application of beam emission spectroscopy as a quantitative diagnostic tool on the Joint European Torus (JET) experiment is reviewed, where the beam attenuation, beam geometry, beam-divergence and species mix are investigated.
Abstract: A beam of injected fast atomic hydrogen presents a superb probe for hot fusion plasmas. The neutral particles experience excitation and ionization by collisions with electrons and ions as they penetrate into a plasma. The emitted characteristic line radiation is Doppler shifted and the spectral lines are split due to motional Stark fields. Measurements of wavelength, intensity and polarization of the Balmer- alpha emission reveal information about the neutral beam, such as beam attenuation, beam-geometry, beam-divergence and species mix. Local pitch angles and toroidal fields can be derived from the simultaneous measurement of the polarization pattern and the wavelength separation of the Stark multiplet. The implementation and application of beam emission spectroscopy as a quantitative diagnostic tool on the Joint European Torus (JET) experiment is reviewed.
117 citations