Measuring entrepreneurial passion: Conceptual foundations and scale validation
About: This article is published in Journal of Business Venturing.The article was published on 2013-05-01. It has received 527 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Entrepreneurship.
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TL;DR: The authors found that self-efficacy has robustly been found to drive persistence in entrepreneurship, and that selfefficacy is one of the reasons why some entrepreneurs persist in their venture efforts while others quit.
Abstract: What makes some entrepreneurs persist in their venture efforts while others quit? Self–efficacy has robustly been found to drive persistence, yet recent work suggests that affect, in particular ent...
404 citations
Cites background or methods from "Measuring entrepreneurial passion: ..."
...We explore the potential for mediation of passion for inventing, passion for founding, and passion for developing firms, three specific domains of the overall construct of entrepreneurial passion (Cardon et al., 2009, 2013)....
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...Entrepreneurial passion was measured using items developed by Cardon et al. (2013)....
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...Although a detailed discussion of the conceptualization of entrepreneurial passion is outside the scope of this paper, we note here that both components are essential to the overall conceptualization and operationalization of entrepreneurial passion (Cardon et al., 2013)....
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...…relationship between passion and persistence, per se, and also focus on passion for work in general rather than passion associated with the entrepreneurial role (Murnieks, 2007; Murnieks & Mosakowski, 2006), or for specific entrepreneurial activities (Cardon et al., 2013; Perttula & Cardon, 2011)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors draw upon affective events theory, research regarding funders' perceptions, and research regarding expectation alignment between products and their presenters to develop and test an indirect effects model of crowdfunding resource allocation decisions.
349 citations
Cites background from "Measuring entrepreneurial passion: ..."
...Entrepreneurial passion refers to an individual's intense affective state experienced by engagement in entrepreneurial activities that is often accompanied by outwardly visible manifestations (Cardon et al., 2013; Chen et al., 2009)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a critical review of the Journal of International Business Studies Decade Award-winning article offers numerous contributions to international business research, and the resultant implications and the question of when it is appropriate to use the term "born global" are discussed.
Abstract: Knight and Cavusgil’s Journal of International Business Studies Decade Award-winning article offers numerous contributions to international business research. As one example, it advances cross-disciplinary conversation about entrepreneurial internationalization. A critical review of their study reveals, however, that certain findings require reinterpretation. This commentary does so, discussing the resultant implications and the question of when it is (in)appropriate to use the term “born global”. Parts of Knight and Cavusgil are then used as a foundation to identify research questions at the level of the firm. Finally, points from Cavusgil and Knight’s retrospective are used to argue that we need greater understanding of the individual(s) that are central to the firm’s internationalization behaviour. Suggestions for research are made by drawing on concepts and theory from the entrepreneurship, innovation and psychology literatures.
277 citations
TL;DR: This paper investigated the role of entrepreneurial passion and creativity as antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions, applying social cognitive theory as an underpinning framework, and found that entrepreneurial passion has a strong positive relationship with entrepreneurial intentions even when entrepreneurial self-efficacy is introduced as a mediator.
Abstract: The study investigates the role of entrepreneurial passion and creativity as antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions, applying social cognitive theory as an underpinning framework Specifically, this research focuses on American homebrewing, seen as a potential incubator for entrepreneurs Results demonstrate entrepreneurial passion having a strong positive relationship with entrepreneurial intentions, even when entrepreneurial self-efficacy is introduced as a mediator Conversely, the relationship between creativity and entrepreneurial intentions is mediated by entrepreneurial self-efficacy, confirming that individuals also need to feel self-efficacious enough to pursue entrepreneurial career The findings advance the understanding of nascent entrepreneurship phenomenon within a particular hobby context
249 citations
Cites background from "Measuring entrepreneurial passion: ..."
...Entrepreneurial passion constitutes a distinctive emotion that is common among entrepreneurs (Cardon et al. 2013)....
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...…not yet) entrepreneurs, only the founding dimension will be under scrutiny within this article, because passion for inventing as conceptualized in Cardon et al. (2013) does not capture the establishment of a new venture in the already known business setting, but rather includes the search for…...
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...Passion has been found to foster confidence and competence within the context of individual activities and intentions (Cardon et al. 2013)....
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...As our research focuses exclusively on individuals who are not yet entrepreneurs and on gaining an understanding of nascent entrepreneurial intentions, only the founding dimension will be under scrutiny within this article, which deals with the process of establishing a business (Breugst et al. 2012; Cardon et al. 2013)....
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...Entrepreneurial Passion Entrepreneurial passion constitutes a distinctive emotion that is common among entrepreneurs (Cardon et al. 2013)....
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TL;DR: It is shown that teaching entrepreneurial skills to the self-employed works much better in terms of increasing both sales and profits, and the psychology-based personal initiative training approach is cost-effective, paying for itself within 1 year.
Abstract: Standard business training programs aim to boost the incomes of the millions of self-employed business owners in developing countries by teaching basic financial and marketing practices, yet the impacts of such programs are mixed We tested whether a psychology-based personal initiative training approach, which teaches a proactive mindset and focuses on entrepreneurial behaviors, could have more success A randomized controlled trial in Togo assigned microenterprise owners to a control group (n = 500), a leading business training program (n = 500), or a personal initiative training program (n = 500) Four follow-up surveys tracked outcomes for firms over 2 years and showed that personal initiative training increased firm profits by 30%, compared with a statistically insignificant 11% for traditional training The training is cost-effective, paying for itself within 1 year
218 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, the adequacy of the conventional cutoff criteria and several new alternatives for various fit indexes used to evaluate model fit in practice were examined, and the results suggest that, for the ML method, a cutoff value close to.95 for TLI, BL89, CFI, RNI, and G...
Abstract: This article examines the adequacy of the “rules of thumb” conventional cutoff criteria and several new alternatives for various fit indexes used to evaluate model fit in practice. Using a 2‐index presentation strategy, which includes using the maximum likelihood (ML)‐based standardized root mean squared residual (SRMR) and supplementing it with either Tucker‐Lewis Index (TLI), Bollen's (1989) Fit Index (BL89), Relative Noncentrality Index (RNI), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Gamma Hat, McDonald's Centrality Index (Mc), or root mean squared error of approximation (RMSEA), various combinations of cutoff values from selected ranges of cutoff criteria for the ML‐based SRMR and a given supplemental fit index were used to calculate rejection rates for various types of true‐population and misspecified models; that is, models with misspecified factor covariance(s) and models with misspecified factor loading(s). The results suggest that, for the ML method, a cutoff value close to .95 for TLI, BL89, CFI, RNI, and G...
76,383 citations
"Measuring entrepreneurial passion: ..." refers methods in this paper
...For both indices, we used an ideal target criterion of .95 and above to indicate adequate fit (Hu and Bentler, 1999; Marsh et al., 2004)....
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TL;DR: A general statistical methodology for the analysis of multivariate categorical data arising from observer reliability studies is presented and tests for interobserver bias are presented in terms of first-order marginal homogeneity and measures of interob server agreement are developed as generalized kappa-type statistics.
Abstract: This paper presents a general statistical methodology for the analysis of multivariate categorical data arising from observer reliability studies. The procedure essentially involves the construction of functions of the observed proportions which are directed at the extent to which the observers agree among themselves and the construction of test statistics for hypotheses involving these functions. Tests for interobserver bias are presented in terms of first-order marginal homogeneity and measures of interobserver agreement are developed as generalized kappa-type statistics. These procedures are illustrated with a clinical diagnosis example from the epidemiological literature.
64,109 citations
"Measuring entrepreneurial passion: ..." refers methods in this paper
...Pearson correlations were high and significant for all items, and measures of Cohen's kappa were well above the recommended cutoff of 0.8 (Landis and Koch, 1977)....
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TL;DR: The extent to which method biases influence behavioral research results is examined, potential sources of method biases are identified, the cognitive processes through which method bias influence responses to measures are discussed, the many different procedural and statistical techniques that can be used to control method biases is evaluated, and recommendations for how to select appropriate procedural and Statistical remedies are provided.
Abstract: Interest in the problem of method biases has a long history in the behavioral sciences. Despite this, a comprehensive summary of the potential sources of method biases and how to control for them does not exist. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to examine the extent to which method biases influence behavioral research results, identify potential sources of method biases, discuss the cognitive processes through which method biases influence responses to measures, evaluate the many different procedural and statistical techniques that can be used to control method biases, and provide recommendations for how to select appropriate procedural and statistical remedies for different types of research settings.
52,531 citations
"Measuring entrepreneurial passion: ..." refers methods in this paper
...Building on the work of Brannick et al. (2010) and Williams et al. (2010), we tested for the presence of possible commonmethod bias (Podsakoff et al., 2003) by comparing a series of models that included a marker variable thought to be unrelated to EP's dimensions and domains — in this case, a…...
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...To minimize the common-method biases inherent in surveys (cf. Podsakoff et al., 2003), we guaranteed the anonymity of respondents and counterbalanced question order....
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Book•
01 Jan 1997TL;DR: SelfSelf-Efficacy (SE) as discussed by the authors is a well-known concept in human behavior, which is defined as "belief in one's capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given attainments".
Abstract: Albert Bandura and the Exercise of Self-Efficacy Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control Albert Bandura. New York: W. H. Freeman (www.whfreeman.com). 1997, 604 pp., $46.00 (hardcover). Enter the term "self-efficacy" in the on-line PSYCLIT database and you will find over 2500 articles, all of which stem from the seminal contributions of Albert Bandura. It is difficult to do justice to the immense importance of this research for our theories, our practice, and indeed for human welfare. Self-efficacy (SE) has proven to be a fruitful construct in spheres ranging from phobias (Bandura, Jeffery, & Gajdos, 1975) and depression (Holahan & Holahan, 1987) to career choice behavior (Betz & Hackett, 1986) and managerial functioning (Jenkins, 1994). Bandura's Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control is the best attempt so far at organizing, summarizing, and distilling meaning from this vast and diverse literature. Self-Efficacy may prove to be Bandura's magnum opus. Dr. Bandura has done an impressive job of summarizing over 1800 studies and papers, integrating these results into a coherent framework, and detailing implications for theory and practice. While incorporating prior works such as Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1977) and "Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency" (Bandura, 1982), Self-Efficacy extends these works by describing results of diverse new research, clarifying and extending social cognitive theory, and fleshing out implications of the theory for groups, organizations, political bodies, and societies. Along the way, Dr. Bandura masterfully contrasts social cognitive theory with many other theories of human behavior and helps chart a course for future research. Throughout, B andura' s clear, firm, and self-confident writing serves as the perfect vehicle for the theory he espouses. Self-Efficacy begins with the most detailed and clear explication of social cognitive theory that I have yet seen, and proceeds to delineate the nature and sources of SE, the well-known processes via which SE mediates human behavior, and the development of SE over the life span. After laying this theoretical groundwork, subsequent chapters delineate the relevance of SE to human endeavor in a variety of specific content areas including cognitive and intellectual functioning; health; clinical problems including anxiety, phobias, depression, eating disorders, alcohol problems, and drug abuse; athletics and exercise activity; organizations; politics; and societal change. In Bandura's words, "Perceived self-efficacy refers to beliefs in one's capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given attainments" (p. 3). People's SE beliefs have a greater effect on their motivation, emotions, and actions than what is objectively true (e.g., actual skill level). Therefore, SE beliefs are immensely important in choice of behaviors (including occupations, social relationships, and a host of day-to-day behaviors), effort expenditure, perseverance in pursuit of goals, resilience to setbacks and problems, stress level and affect, and indeed in our ways of thinking about ourselves and others. Bandura affirms many times that humans are proactive and free as well as determined: They are "at least partial architects of their own destinies" (p. 8). Because SE beliefs powerfully affect human behaviors, they are a key factor in human purposive activity or agency; that is, in human freedom. Because humans shape their environment even as they are shaped by it, SE beliefs are also pivotal in the construction of our social and physical environments. Bandura details over two decades of research confirming that SE is modifiable via mastery experiences, vicarious learning, verbal persuasion, and interpretation of physiological states, and that modified SE strongly and consistently predicts outcomes. SE beliefs, then, are central to human self-determination. STRENGTHS One major strength of Self-Efficacy is Bandura's ability to deftly dance from forest to trees and back again to forest, using specific, human examples and concrete situations to highlight his major theoretical premises, to which he then returns. …
46,839 citations
"Measuring entrepreneurial passion: ..." refers background in this paper
...Lastly, EP and self-efficacy both highlight the importance of engaging in activities that are meaningful for one's self-identity (Bandura, 1997; Vignoles et al., 2006)....
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Book•
27 May 1998TL;DR: The book aims to provide the skills necessary to begin to use SEM in research and to interpret and critique the use of method by others.
Abstract: Designed for students and researchers without an extensive quantitative background, this book offers an informative guide to the application, interpretation and pitfalls of structural equation modelling (SEM) in the social sciences. The book covers introductory techniques including path analysis and confirmatory factor analysis, and provides an overview of more advanced methods such as the evaluation of non-linear effects, the analysis of means in convariance structure models, and latent growth models for longitudinal data. Providing examples from various disciplines to illustrate all aspects of SEM, the book offers clear instructions on the preparation and screening of data, common mistakes to avoid and widely used software programs (Amos, EQS and LISREL). The book aims to provide the skills necessary to begin to use SEM in research and to interpret and critique the use of method by others.
42,102 citations