Journal ArticleDOI
Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test.
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TLDR
An implicit association test (IAT) measures differential association of 2 target concepts with an attribute when instructions oblige highly associated categories to share a response key, and performance is faster than when less associated categories share a key.Abstract:
An implicit association test (IAT) measures differential association of 2 target concepts with an attribute. The 2 concepts appear in a 2-choice task (e.g., flower vs. insect names), and the attribute in a 2nd task (e.g., pleasant vs. unpleasant words for an evaluation attribute). When instructions oblige highly associated categories (e.g., flower + pleasant) to share a response key, performance is faster than when less associated categories (e.g., insect + pleasant) share a key. This performance difference implicitly measures differential association of the 2 concepts with the attribute. In 3 experiments, the IAT was sensitive to (a) near-universal evaluative differences (e.g., flower vs. insect), (b) expected individual differences in evaluative associations (Japanese + pleasant vs. Korean + pleasant for Japanese vs. Korean subjects), and (c) consciously disavowed evaluative differences (Black + pleasant vs. White + pleasant for self-described unprejudiced White subjects).read more
Citations
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The Benefits of Being Present: Mindfulness and Its Role in Psychological Well-Being
TL;DR: Correlational, quasi-experimental, and laboratory studies show that the MAAS measures a unique quality of consciousness that is related to a variety of well-being constructs, that differentiates mindfulness practitioners from others, and that is associated with enhanced self-awareness.
Journal ArticleDOI
Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm.
TL;DR: The best-performing measure incorporates data from the IAT's practice trials, uses a metric that is calibrated by each respondent's latency variability, and includes a latency penalty for errors, and strongly outperforms the earlier (conventional) procedure.
Journal ArticleDOI
Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders.
Alice H. Eagly,Steven J. Karau +1 more
TL;DR: Evidence from varied research paradigms substantiates that consequences of perceived incongruity between the female gender role and leadership roles are more difficult for women to become leaders and to achieve success in leadership roles.
Journal ArticleDOI
The psychological meaning of words: LIWC and computerized text analysis methods
TL;DR: The Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) system as discussed by the authors is a text analysis system that counts words in psychologically meaningful categories to detect meaning in a wide variety of experimental settings, including to show attentional focus, emotionality, social relationships, thinking styles and individual differences.
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Construal-Level Theory of Psychological Distance
Yaacov Trope,Nira Liberman +1 more
TL;DR: Supporting this analysis, research shows that the various distances are cognitively related to each other, that theySimilarly influence and are influenced by level of mental construal, and that they similarly affect prediction, preference, and action.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Implicit Social Cognition: Attitudes, Self-Esteem, and Stereotypes.
TL;DR: The present conclusion--that attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes have important implicit modes of operation--extends both the construct validity and predictive usefulness of these major theoretical constructs of social psychology.
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Attitudinal effects of mere exposure.
TL;DR: The exposure-attitude hypothesis as discussed by the authors suggests that mere repeated exposure of the individual to a stimulus object enhances his attitude toward it, i.e., exposure is meant a condition making the stimulus accessible to the individual's perception.
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Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components.
TL;DR: In this article, a theoretical model based on the dissociation ofantomatic and controlled processes involved in prejudice was proposed, which suggests that the stereotype is automatically activated in the presence of a member (or some symbolic equivalent) of the stereotyped group and that Iow-prejudiee responses require controlled inhibition of the automatically activated stereotype.
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Self-schemata and processing information about the self.
TL;DR: In this article, the role of schemata in processing information about the self is examined by linking self-schemata to a number of specific empirical referents, and the relationship of self-schemeata to cross-situational consistency in behavior is discussed.