Mechanical analysis of functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composites: A review
TL;DR: A review of carbon nanotube reinforced composite (CNTRC) materials can be found in this article, where the concept of functionally graded (FG) pattern of reinforcement has been applied for functionally graded carbon nanite reinforced composite materials.
About: This article is published in Composite Structures.The article was published on 2015-02-01. It has received 541 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Carbon nanotube & Composite number.
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TL;DR: In this article, the buckling and postbuckling behaviors of functionally graded multilayer nanocomposite beams reinforced with a low content of graphene platelets (GPLs) resting on an elastic foundation were investigated.
358 citations
Cites background from "Mechanical analysis of functionally..."
...Subsequently, the mechanical responses of functionally graded CNTreinforced composite (FG-CNTRC) structures have been extensively studied [20-22]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of Carbon Nanotube (CNT) agglomeration on free vibrations of laminated composite doubly-curved shells and panels reinforced by CNTs is investigated.
Abstract: This paper aims at investigating the effect of Carbon Nanotube (CNT) agglomeration on the free vibrations of laminated composite doubly-curved shells and panels reinforced by CNTs. The great performances of doubly-curved structures are joined with the excellent mechanical properties of CNTs. Several laminations schemes and various CNT exponential distributions along the thickness of the structures are considered. Thus, it is evident that the shell dynamic behavior can be affected by many parameters which characterize the reinforcing phase. A widespread parametric study is performed in order to show the natural frequency variation. The general theoretical model for shell structures is based on the so-called Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF) which allows to consider several Higher-order Shear Deformations Theories (HSDTs). In addition, a complete characterization of the mechanical properties of CNTs is presented. The governing equations for the free vibration analysis are solved numerically by means of the well-known Generalized Differential Quadrature (GDQ) method due to its accuracy, stability and reliability features.
300 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the nonlinear bending behavior of a novel class of multi-layer polymer nanocomposite beams reinforced with graphene platelets (GPLs) that are non-uniformly distributed along the thickness direction was investigated.
Abstract: This paper studies the nonlinear bending behavior of a novel class of multi-layer polymer nanocomposite beams reinforced with graphene platelets (GPLs) that are non-uniformly distributed along the thickness direction. Nonlinear governing equation is established based on Timoshenko beam theory and von Karman nonlinear strain-displacement relationship. The effective Young's modulus of the nanocomposites is determined by modified Halpin-Tsai micromechanics model. Ritz method is employed to reduce the governing differential equation into an algebraic system from which the static bending solutions can be obtained. A comprehensive parametric study is then conducted, with a particular focus on the influences of distribution pattern, weight fraction, geometry and size of GPLs together with the total number of layers on the linear and nonlinear bending performances of the beams. Numerical results demonstrate the significantly improved bending performance through the addition of a very small amount of GPLs into polymer matrix as reinforcements. It is found that dispersing more GPLs that are in square shape with fewer single graphene layers near the top and bottom surfaces of the beam is the most effective way to reduce bending deflections. Beams with a higher weight fraction of GPLs that are symmetrically distributed in such a way are also less sensitive to the nonlinear deformation.
300 citations
254 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the nonlinear free vibration of a multi-layer polymer nanocomposite beam reinforced by graphene platelets (GPLs) non-uniformly distributed along the thickness direction is studied.
249 citations
References
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NEC1
TL;DR: Iijima et al. as mentioned in this paper reported the preparation of a new type of finite carbon structure consisting of needle-like tubes, which were produced using an arc-discharge evaporation method similar to that used for fullerene synthesis.
Abstract: THE synthesis of molecular carbon structures in the form of C60 and other fullerenes1 has stimulated intense interest in the structures accessible to graphitic carbon sheets. Here I report the preparation of a new type of finite carbon structure consisting of needle-like tubes. Produced using an arc-discharge evaporation method similar to that used for fullerene synthesis, the needles grow at the negative end of the electrode used for the arc discharge. Electron microscopy reveals that each needle comprises coaxial tubes of graphitic sheets, ranging in number from 2 up to about 50. On each tube the carbon-atom hexagons are arranged in a helical fashion about the needle axis. The helical pitch varies from needle to needle and from tube to tube within a single needle. It appears that this helical structure may aid the growth process. The formation of these needles, ranging from a few to a few tens of nanometres in diameter, suggests that engineering of carbon structures should be possible on scales considerably greater than those relevant to the fullerenes. On 7 November 1991, Sumio Iijima announced in Nature the preparation of nanometre-size, needle-like tubes of carbon — now familiar as 'nanotubes'. Used in microelectronic circuitry and microscopy, and as a tool to test quantum mechanics and model biological systems, nanotubes seem to have unlimited potential.
39,086 citations
"Mechanical analysis of functionally..." refers methods in this paper
...Since the landmark work of Iijima [1,3], CNTs have been utilized in many areas of science and engineering....
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TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that to answer several questions of physical or engineering interest, it is necessary to know only the relatively simple elastic field inside the ellipsoid.
Abstract: It is supposed that a region within an isotropic elastic solid undergoes a spontaneous change of form which, if the surrounding material were absent, would be some prescribed homogeneous deformation. Because of the presence of the surrounding material stresses will be present both inside and outside the region. The resulting elastic field may be found very simply with the help of a sequence of imaginary cutting, straining and welding operations. In particular, if the region is an ellipsoid the strain inside it is uniform and may be expressed in terms of tabulated elliptic integrals. In this case a further problem may be solved. An ellipsoidal region in an infinite medium has elastic constants different from those of the rest of the material; how does the presence of this inhomogeneity disturb an applied stress-field uniform at large distances? It is shown that to answer several questions of physical or engineering interest it is necessary to know only the relatively simple elastic field inside the ellipsoid.
11,784 citations
"Mechanical analysis of functionally..." refers background in this paper
...For most of the equivalent continuum approaches, the Eshelby theory [44,45] is crucial in modeling nanocomposites....
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NEC1
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reported the synthesis of abundant single-shell tubes with diameters of about one nanometre, whereas the multi-shell nanotubes are formed on the carbon cathode.
Abstract: CARBON nanotubes1 are expected to have a wide variety of interesting properties. Capillarity in open tubes has already been demonstrated2–5, while predictions regarding their electronic structure6–8 and mechanical strength9 remain to be tested. To examine the properties of these structures, one needs tubes with well defined morphologies, length, thickness and a number of concentric shells; but the normal carbon-arc synthesis10,11 yields a range of tube types. In particular, most calculations have been concerned with single-shell tubes, whereas the carbon-arc synthesis produces almost entirely multi-shell tubes. Here we report the synthesis of abundant single-shell tubes with diameters of about one nanometre. Whereas the multi-shell nanotubes are formed on the carbon cathode, these single-shell tubes grow in the gas phase. Electron diffraction from a single tube allows us to confirm the helical arrangement of carbon hexagons deduced previously for multi-shell tubes1.
8,018 citations
"Mechanical analysis of functionally..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Mehrabadi et al. [95] investigated mechanical buckling of a FG-CNTRC plate reinforced with SWCNTs subjected to uniaxial and biaxial in-plane loadings....
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...The results demonstrated that in thicker matrix layers, SWCNT buckles at smaller bending angles and greater flattening ratios....
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...Moreover, Li et al. [49] studied reinforcing mechanisms of SWCNT-reinforced epoxy composites using several micromechanics models and found that the results of both Halpin–Tsai and Mori–Tanaka models are consistent with the experimental results....
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...CNTs can be singlewalled CNT (SWCNT) or multi-walled CNT (MWCNT)....
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...Using the ab initio local density calculations, Overney et al. [5] calculated the rigidity of short SWCNT and found its Young’s modulus to be 1500 GPa which is similar to that of graphite....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a method of calculating the average internal stress in the matrix of a material containing inclusions with transformation strain is presented. But the authors do not consider the effects of the interaction among the inclusions and of the presence of the free boundary.
7,000 citations
"Mechanical analysis of functionally..." refers methods in this paper
...Eshelby–Mori–Tanaka approach [46], Formica and Lacarbonara [47] employed a continuum model for CNT-based composites....
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Book•
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, the International System of Units (SI) is used to measure the properties of materials and their properties in the context of materials science and engineering, including properties of metal alloys.
Abstract: List of Symbols.Introduction.Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding.The Structure of Crystalline Solids.Imperfections in Solids.Diffusion.Mechanical Properties of Metals.Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms.Failure.Phase Diagrams.Phase Transformations in Metals: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties.Thermal Processing of Metal Alloys.Metals Alloys.Structures and Properties of Ceramics.Applications and Processing of Ceramics.Polymer Structures.Characteristics, Applications, and Processing of Polymers.Composites.Corrosion and Degradation of Materials.Electrical Properties.Thermal Properties.Magnetic Properties.Optical Properties.Materials Selection and Design Considerations.Economic, Environmental, and Societal Issues in Materials Science and Engineering.Appendix A: The International System of Units (SI).Appendix B: Properties of Selected Engineering Materials.Appendix C: Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials.Appendix D: Mer Structures for Common Polymers.Appendix E: Glass Transition and Melting Temperatues for Common Polymeric Materials.Glossary.Answers to Selected Problems.Index.
6,674 citations