Mechanical properties and the hierarchical structure of bone
Citations
2,274 citations
1,681 citations
1,393 citations
Cites background or methods from "Mechanical properties and the hiera..."
...The pore s in trabecular bone are filled with bone marrow, a nd the porosity varies between 50-90% [1, 36-38]....
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...The physi cal and mechanical properties of human bone are summarized in Table 1 (values are averaged from rep ort d data) [1, 26, 34, 36-38, 42, 43]....
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...It contin ues to be a major scientific challenge to fully underst and the mechanics of living bones [36-38]....
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1,299 citations
Cites background from "Mechanical properties and the hiera..."
...This article will not discuss bone’s mechanical properties, for which there are many excellent reviews [1–9] as well as recent contributions [10–17]; but instead it will focus on the unique structure that confers these properties, and to the materials chemistry underlying its formation....
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1,200 citations
Cites background from "Mechanical properties and the hiera..."
...The nanometer size of the inorganic component (mainly bone-like apatite) in natural bone is considered to be important for the mechanical properties of the bone [22]....
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References
1,977 citations
"Mechanical properties and the hiera..." refers background in this paper
...Although both types of bone (cortical and cancellous) are most easily distinguished by their degree of porosity or density [9,10], true differentiation comes from histological evaluation of the tissue’s microstructure....
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...[9] Carter DR, Hayes W....
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...Some workers [9,13,14] consider cortical and cancellous bone to be a single morphological material which can be characterized by a highly variable porosity or apparent density (mass/total volume, including pores)....
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1,596 citations
1,109 citations
"Mechanical properties and the hiera..." refers background or result in this paper
...However, many investigators produced values for the elastic modulus of individual trabeculae, single osteons, and a thin cortical shell that were considerably less than that for whole bone [5,17,18]....
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...This led the authors [17] to conclude that the materials of the two bones were intrinsically different....
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...However, in spite of recent reports [5,15,17,18], there remains some controversy regarding the value of the elastic modulus of single trabeculae (Table 1)....
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...Others [5,15–17] consider these two types to consist of two different materials....
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...[17] showed that the relationship derived from these data, between elastic moduli and density in cancellous bone material, could not be extrapolated from similar data from tests on cortical bone material and its density....
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867 citations
867 citations
"Mechanical properties and the hiera..." refers background in this paper
...The possible causes include: (i) the influence of microstructural defects such as cement lines and voids (Haversian and Volkmann canals, lacuna, osteocytes, canaliculi) on the measured displacements; (ii) uncertainties in specimen geometry, which are often exacerbated at small scales; and (iii) problems in properly seating and aligning small bending specimens in small test fixtures [6]....
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...Recently, the Young’s modulus of osteon lamellar bone measured by nanoindentation was approximately 22 GPa (dry specimen, submicrostructure property [6]) close to that for the macrostructure....
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...[6] Rho JY, Tsui TY, Pharr GM....
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