Mechanical Properties of Highly Filled PVC/Wood-Flour Composites
04 Mar 2010-Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites (SAGE Publications)-Vol. 29, Iss: 16, pp 2522-2533
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of variation of WF on the tensile strength, modulus, and elongation at break was evaluated, and wide variation was observed in impact strength because of unpredictable void content due to use of non-vented extrusion process.
Abstract: The present article evaluates the effect of variation of WF on the tensile strength, modulus, and elongation at break. The pin-bearing properties usually correlate well with tensile properties. Tensile strength and pin-bearing strength decrease but tensile modulus increases on addition of WF. The tensile strength, pin-bearing strength, and mode of pin-bearing failure also depends on the void content. Increase in void content has a detrimental effect on all the mechanical properties. Wide variation is observed in impact strength because of unpredictable void content due to use of non-vented extrusion process. TGA indicates insignificant effect of WF on thermal stability of composites. Infrared spectroscopy indicates some interaction between PVC and WF.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a two-step process involving a kinetic mixer and a compression molding machine was used to produce hybrid thermoplastic composites from wood flour and recycled glass fibers.
Abstract: Hybrid thermoplastic composites from wood flour and recycled glass fibers were manufactured through a two-step process involving a kinetic mixer and a compression molding machine. To evaluate the effect of recycled glass fibers, hybrid composites containing virgin glass fibers were also manufactured and tested. Mechanical properties of the composites including flexural modulus and strength, hardness as a function of temperature, screw withdrawal resistance and water absorption behavior were studied. The flexural modulus and hardness were found to increase as a function of increasing wood flour and glass fiber content, whilst the flexural strength and screw withdrawal resistance decreased as a function of increasing wood flour content, even though a positive effect of the addition of glass fibers was found. The recycled glass fibers showed comparable behavior to that of the virgin ones. A morphological analysis of hybrid composites to study the interfacial interactions was carried out by scanning electron microscopy.
115 citations
TL;DR: In these times of continuous increases in the price of crude oil, materials from renewable resources, also called biomaterials or "green" materials, are presently gaining in importance worldwide as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Materials from renewable resources – also called biomaterials or ‘green’ materials – are presently gaining in importance worldwide. In these times of continuous increases in the price of crude oil ...
74 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of Shorea robusta natural filler loading (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 ) on the mechanical, dynamic mechanical, biodegradability, and thermal stability of the polyester composite was analyzed.
42 citations
Cites result from "Mechanical Properties of Highly Fil..."
...A similar trend was already reported by Joshi et al.[29] The first Figure 16....
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...A similar trend was already reported by Joshi et al.([29]) The first Figure 16....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review summarizes recent developments in thermoplastic/wood composites and deals with wood-base fillers for thermoplastics, various interface modification methods and various thermpolymers as well as nanocomposites.
Abstract: Thermoplastic composites filled with wood-base fillers have gained increasing attention, because compared to virgin polymers they have many advantages of light weight, high strength and stiffness, low cost, biodegradability and renewability. These advantages let them find a large dispersal in many areas of technical applications. However, poor interfacial interaction between hydrophilic wood-base fillers and hydrophobic polymer matrices should be improved to get reasonable physical properties for their wide applications. The interfacial interaction could be improved by addition of coupling agents and chemical modifications of wood-base fillers. To improve physical properties of the thermoplastic/wood composites, further nanofillers can be incorporated. This review summarizes recent developments in thermoplastic/wood composites and deals with wood-base fillers for thermoplastics, various interface modification methods and various thermoplastic/wood composites as well as nanocomposites. This review can provide reasonable future perspectives in this research area and stimulate development of new innovative thermoplastic/wood composites as well as nanocomposites.
40 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of ethanolamine treatment of wood flour on the thermal degradation behavior of PVC/wood flour composites was investigated and the color of the material was measured in order to analyse the effect of the treatment.
23 citations
References
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18 Feb 2005
TL;DR: In this article, the structure and function of wood and its properties are discussed, including properties such as properties of wood strength, properties of fiber web properties, and properties of chemical modifications of wood.
Abstract: Preface Wood and Society, Christopher D. Risbrudt STRUCTURE AND CHEMISTRY Structure and Function of Wood, Alex C. Wiedenhoeft and Regis B. Miller Cell Wall Chemistry, Roger M. Rowell, Roger Pettersen, James S. Han, Jeffrey S. Rowell, and Mandla A. Tshabalala PROPERTIES Moisture Properties, Roger M. Rowell Biological Properties, Rebecca E. Ibach Thermal Properties, Roger M. Rowell and Susan L. LeVan-Green Weathering of Wood, R. Sam Williams Surface Characterization, Mandla A. Tshabalala WOOD COMPOSITES Wood Adhesion and Adhesives, Charles R. Frihart Wood Composites, Lars Bergland and Roger M. Rowell Chemistry of Wood Strength, Jerrold E. Winandy and Roger M. Rowell Fiber Webs, Roger M. Rowell, James S. Han and Von Y. Byrd Wood Thermoplastic Composites, Daniel F. Caulfield, Craig Clemons, Rodney E. Jacobson, and Roger M. Rowell PROPERTY IMPROVEMENTS Chemical Modification of Wood, Roger M. Rowell Lumen Modifications, Rebecca E. Ibach and W. Dale Ellis Plasma Treatment of Wood, Ferencz S. Denes, L. Emilio Cruz-Barba, and Sorin Manolache
1,544 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two maleinated polypropylenes (MAPPs) with different molecular weights and functionality were used to improve the performance of PP/wood flour composites.
204 citations
"Mechanical Properties of Highly Fil..." refers background in this paper
...Wood plastic composites (WPC), as they are called, offer advantages of high stiffness-to-weight ratio and low cost over conventional reinforcements, which justify their use [1,2]....
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TL;DR: In this article, a study focused on manufacturing of highly filled cellulose fiber-polypropylene composites and evaluation of the mechanical properties of the composites was conducted. But the results of the study were limited to cellulose fibres.
Abstract: This study focused on manufacturing of highly filled cellulose fibre–polypropylene composites and evaluation of the mechanical properties of the composites. Cellulose fibre reinforced polypropylene composites with up to 60 wt% of fibres with and without coupling agent were manufactured by extrusion. In order to achieve consistent feeding of the fibres into the extruder a pelletization technique was used where the fibres were pressed into pellets. Two commercial grades of cellulose fibres were used in the study, bleached sulfite and bleached kraft fibres. Fibre dimension measurements showed that the pelletization process and extrusion at high fibre loading caused the most severe fibre breakage. Flexural testing showed that increased fibre loading made the composites stiffer but reduced the toughness. Addition of maleic anhydride grafted coupling agent (MAPP) increased the stiffness and strength of the composites significantly. In general, there was no significant difference in the mechanical properties between the composites with kraft and sulfite fibres. An interesting finding was that the flexural modulus and strength of the MAPP modified cellulose fibre–polypropylene composites were not higher than what has previously been reported for wood flour–polyolefin composites. Scanning electron microscopy showed that addition of coupling agent improved the interfacial adhesion between the fibres and polypropylene matrix.
175 citations
"Mechanical Properties of Highly Fil..." refers background in this paper
...Wood plastic composites (WPC), as they are called, offer advantages of high stiffness-to-weight ratio and low cost over conventional reinforcements, which justify their use [1,2]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the microcellular foaming technique was used to reduce the density of polyvinyl chloride/wood fiber composites by using chemical blowing agents such as azodicarbonamide and sodium bicarbonate.
Abstract: Poly(vinyl chloride)/wood fiber (flour) composites are currently experiencing a dramatic increase in use. Most of them are used to produce window/door profiles, decking, railing, and siding by using conical counterrotating intermeshing twin-screw extruders. Heat stabilizers, processing aids, impact modifiers, lubricants, and pigments are still important for PVC/wood composite formulations. Poly[methylene(polyphenyl isocyanate)] (PMPPIC), γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, maleated polypropylene (MAPP), and copper metallic complex have proved to be effective coupling agents for this composite system. Mechanical properties of PVC/wood composites can be enhanced by combining wood with mica or glass fibers to form hybrid reinforcements. Ultraviolet light resistance and weathering dimensional stabilities of PVC/wood composites are superior to those of natural wood. Density reduction can be achieved through the microcellular foaming technique by using chemical blowing agents, such as azodicarbonamide and sodium bicarbonate, or physical blowing agents, such as carbon dioxide. J. Vinyl Addit. Technol. 10:59–69, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
173 citations
"Mechanical Properties of Highly Fil..." refers methods in this paper
...PP is predominantly used in automobile industry while PVC is used in furniture applications [3]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the impact fracture behavior of PP/wood fiber composites modified with maleated polypropylene as compatibilizer and poly(butadiene styrene) rubber as impact modifier has been studied by instrumented Charpy impact testing.
118 citations
"Mechanical Properties of Highly Fil..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Maleated PP improved the adhesion between the matrix and the fibers, forming an interfacial layer [5]....
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...[5,6] used maleated PP as a compatibilizer for PP/WF composites....
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