Mechanical properties of hot-rolled and cold-formed steels after exposure to elevated temperature: A review
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of heating experience on the mechanical properties of steels are analyzed and two series of predictive models for postfire residual strength evaluation are calibrated, and they can be easily applied for the residual strength assessment of hot-rolled and cold-formed steels after a fire.
About: This article is published in Construction and Building Materials.The article was published on 2019-07-20. It has received 32 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Residual strength & Literature survey.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the post-fire mechanical properties of cold-formed steels were investigated using tensile coupon tests and a predictive equation was proposed for evaluating the post fire mechanical properties.
Abstract: Cold-formed steels are commonly used in construction applications. However, there is a lack of understanding on its post-fire mechanical properties. This paper presents an experimental investigation on post-fire mechanical properties of cold-formed steels. The test specimens were cut from flat portion and corners of cold-formed channel sections, which were exposed to temperatures ranging from ambient temperature to 800 °C, and then cooled with water and air. The specimens are of grade Q235, with section thicknesses of 1 mm and 2 mm. The stress-strain curves and mechanical properties of the specimens were obtained from tensile coupon tests. Test results of post-fire mechanical properties are presented. Moreover, evolution of microstructure and fracture morphology of specimens with different cooling methods were examined. Finally, predictive equations are proposed for evaluating the post-fire mechanical properties of Q235 cold-formed steel channel sections.
24 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of high-temperature steady-state creep tests is conducted on Q550, Q690, and Q890 high-strength structural steels at various stress levels within the 400-800°C temperature range.
21 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the microstructural changes in structural steels that are exposed to fire accidents were investigated and their influence on post-fire mappings was analyzed. But the results were limited to a single structural steel.
Abstract: The objectives of this study are (1) to investigate the microstructural changes in structural steels that are exposed to fire accidents; and (2) to understand their influence on post-fire m...
19 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a hybrid combination of two machine learning techniques (artificial neural networks (ANN) and genetic algorithms (GA)) is used to derive specifically tailored material models capable of tracing the post-fire behavior of construction materials.
17 citations
Additional excerpts
...…Poon et al., 2001, Qiang et al., 2012, 2013, Rahim et al., 2013, Hamad et al., 2017, Sajid and Kiran, 2018, Singh and Singh, 2019, Spagnuolo et al., 2018, Wang et al., 2014; Way and Wille, 2015, Xiong and Liew, 2015, Yu et al., 2019, Zhang et al., 2009, Zheng et al., 2012b, a, Zhou et al., 2019)....
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TL;DR: By focusing on the effect of a fire on the mechanical properties after cooling, adjusted safety factors are proposed together with a reduced reliability index based on economic and social considerations, it is contended that by following this method, possible misunderstandings can be avoided and decisions on the salvage and rehabilitation of structures can be based on performance data and technical analysis, thus reducing the need for individual judgement.
17 citations
References
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01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, the International System of Units (SI) is used to measure the properties of materials and their properties in the context of materials science and engineering, including properties of metal alloys.
Abstract: List of Symbols.Introduction.Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding.The Structure of Crystalline Solids.Imperfections in Solids.Diffusion.Mechanical Properties of Metals.Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms.Failure.Phase Diagrams.Phase Transformations in Metals: Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties.Thermal Processing of Metal Alloys.Metals Alloys.Structures and Properties of Ceramics.Applications and Processing of Ceramics.Polymer Structures.Characteristics, Applications, and Processing of Polymers.Composites.Corrosion and Degradation of Materials.Electrical Properties.Thermal Properties.Magnetic Properties.Optical Properties.Materials Selection and Design Considerations.Economic, Environmental, and Societal Issues in Materials Science and Engineering.Appendix A: The International System of Units (SI).Appendix B: Properties of Selected Engineering Materials.Appendix C: Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials.Appendix D: Mer Structures for Common Polymers.Appendix E: Glass Transition and Melting Temperatues for Common Polymeric Materials.Glossary.Answers to Selected Problems.Index.
6,674 citations
TL;DR: The use of stainless steel as a structural material has been extensively studied in the literature as mentioned in this paper, with a focus on the structural design of structural stainless steel structures and its application in conventional structures.
Abstract: The past 15 years have seen the introduction or major revision of structural stainless steel design codes throughout the world, and at the same time, interest in the use of stainless steel in construction has been accelerating. Historically the high initial material cost of stainless steel has limited its use primarily to specialist and prestige applications. However, the emergence of design codes, a better awareness of the additional benefits of stainless steel and a transition towards sustainability are bringing more widespread use into conventional structures. Although a number of similarities between stainless steel and ordinary carbon steel exist, there is sufficient diversity in their physical properties to require separate treatment in structural design. In addition to the straightforward differences in basic material properties (such as Young's modulus and yield strength), further fundamental differences exist, such as the nature of the stress–strain curve and the material's response to cold-work and elevated temperatures; these have implications at ultimate, serviceability and fire limit states. This paper describes the use of stainless steel as a structural material, discusses current structural design provisions, reviews recent research activities and highlights the important findings and developments.
336 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed constitutive equations for the full engineering stress-strain response of hot-rolled carbon steels, which offer different options for the representation of the strain hardening region and feature an elastic response up to the yield point.
269 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the experimental test results for the mechanical properties of the studied steel grades S350GD+Z, S355 and S460M at fire temperatures are presented with a short description of the testing facilities.
Abstract: An experimental research programme was carried out during the years 1994-2001 in the Laboratory of Steel Structures at Helsinki University of Technology in order to investigate the mechanical properties of several structural steels at elevated temperatures by using mainly the transient state tensile test method The aim was to produce accurate material data for use in different structural analyses The main test results are public and they are available for other researchers In this paper the experimental test results for the mechanical properties of the studied steel grades S350GD+Z, S355 and S460M at fire temperatures are presented with a short description of the testing facilities A test series was also carried out for cold-formed material taken from rectangular hollow sections of structural steel S355J2H and these test results are also given in this report The mechanical properties of structural steel after cooling down have also been examined briefly and these test results are given in this report The test results were used to determine the temperature dependencies of the mechanical properties, ie yield strength, modulus of elasticity and thermal elongation, of the studied steel material at temperatures up to 950degreesC The test results are compared with the material model for steel according to Eurocode 3: Part 12
252 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a research project based on experimental study was carried out to investigate the deterioration of mechanical properties of high strength steels after fire, and the post-fire elastic modulus, yield and ultimate strengths, ductility and stress strain curves were obtained from this study.
212 citations