Mechanical properties of PNIPAM based hydrogels: A review.
01 Jan 2017-Materials Science and Engineering: C (Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl)-Vol. 70, pp 842-855
TL;DR: In this review, several strategies including interpenetrating polymer network (IPN), double network (DN), nanocomposite (NC) and slide ring (SR) hydrogels are discussed in the context of PNIPAM hydrogel.
About: This article is published in Materials Science and Engineering: C.The article was published on 2017-01-01. It has received 381 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Self-healing hydrogels & Smart polymer.
Citations
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TL;DR: The commonly used crosslinking method for hydrogel synthesis involving physical and chemical crosslinks is presented and their current progress and future perspectives are summarized.
Abstract: Biomedical hydrogels as sole repair matrices or combined with pre-seeded cells and bioactive growth factors are extensively applied in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Hydrogels normally provide three dimensional structures for cell adhesion and proliferation or the controlled release of the loading of drugs or proteins. Various physiochemical properties of hydrogels endow them with distinct applications. In this review, we present the commonly used crosslinking method for hydrogel synthesis involving physical and chemical crosslinks and summarize their current progress and future perspectives.
396 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide an up-to-date account on the recent developments in advanced functional PNIPAM-based smart hydrogels and their emerging technological applications in the fields of smart actuators, photonic crystals, smart windows and novel biomedical applications.
322 citations
TL;DR: This review will provide a critical overview of hydrogel design from the perspective of the polymer chemistry, highlighting both the advantages and limitations of particular polymer structures, properties, and architectures.
274 citations
TL;DR: 3D and 4D printing techniques have great potential in the production of scaffolds to be applied in tissue engineering, especially in constructing patient specific scaffolds, and physical and chemical guidance cues can be printed with these methods to improve the extent and rate of targeted tissue regeneration.
Abstract: Three-dimensional (3D) and Four-dimensional (4D) printing emerged as the next generation of fabrication techniques, spanning across various research areas, such as engineering, chemistry, biology, computer science, and materials science. Three-dimensional printing enables the fabrication of complex forms with high precision, through a layer-by-layer addition of different materials. Use of intelligent materials which change shape or color, produce an electrical current, become bioactive, or perform an intended function in response to an external stimulus, paves the way for the production of dynamic 3D structures, which is now called 4D printing. 3D and 4D printing techniques have great potential in the production of scaffolds to be applied in tissue engineering, especially in constructing patient specific scaffolds. Furthermore, physical and chemical guidance cues can be printed with these methods to improve the extent and rate of targeted tissue regeneration. This review presents a comprehensive survey of 3D and 4D printing methods, and the advantage of their use in tissue regeneration over other scaffold production approaches.
247 citations
Additional excerpts
...Some examples are poly(Nisopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) (Ozturk et al., 2009), poly(Nvinylcaprolactam) (PNVC) (Haq et al., 2017), gelatin and GelMA (Kolesky et al., 2014), collagen and ColMA, methylcellulose, agarose, pluronic (Fedorovich et al., 2009), and poly(ethylene glycol) based block polymers (Suntornnond et al., 2017)....
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..., 2009), poly(Nvinylcaprolactam) (PNVC) (Haq et al., 2017), gelatin and GelMA (Kolesky et al....
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TL;DR: This review describes principles that can be utilized to fabricate transformer hydrogels such as by layering, patterning, or generating anisotropy, and gradients.
181 citations
References
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TL;DR: An understanding of how tissue cells—including fibroblasts, myocytes, neurons, and other cell types—sense matrix stiffness is just emerging with quantitative studies of cells adhering to gels with which elasticity can be tuned to approximate that of tissues.
Abstract: Normal tissue cells are generally not viable when suspended in a fluid and are therefore said to be anchorage dependent. Such cells must adhere to a solid, but a solid can be as rigid as glass or softer than a baby's skin. The behavior of some cells on soft materials is characteristic of important phenotypes; for example, cell growth on soft agar gels is used to identify cancer cells. However, an understanding of how tissue cells-including fibroblasts, myocytes, neurons, and other cell types-sense matrix stiffness is just emerging with quantitative studies of cells adhering to gels (or to other cells) with which elasticity can be tuned to approximate that of tissues. Key roles in molecular pathways are played by adhesion complexes and the actinmyosin cytoskeleton, whose contractile forces are transmitted through transcellular structures. The feedback of local matrix stiffness on cell state likely has important implications for development, differentiation, disease, and regeneration.
5,889 citations
"Mechanical properties of PNIPAM bas..." refers background in this paper
...For example, the mechanical properties of the scaffold for cell growth should match that of the host tissue [44]....
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TL;DR: Development of environmentally sensitive hydrogels with a wide array of desirable properties can be made is a formidable challenge, however, if the achievements of the past can be extrapolated into the future, it is highly likely that responsive hydrogelWith such properties can been made.
4,216 citations
3,307 citations
"Mechanical properties of PNIPAM bas..." refers background in this paper
...[63] using ionizable polymer poly(2-acrylamido-2methylpropanesulfonicacid) (PAMPS) as 1st network and neutral polymer polyacrylamide (PAAM) as 2nd network, a number of double network hydrogels have been reported using non-thermoresponsive polymers....
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TL;DR: The fabrication of active hydrogel components inside microchannels via direct photopatterning of a liquid phase greatly simplifies system construction and assembly as the functional components are fabricated in situ, and the stimuli-responsive hydrogels components perform both sensing and actuation functions.
Abstract: Hydrogels have been developed to respond to a wide variety of stimuli, but their use in macroscopic systems has been hindered by slow response times (diffusion being the rate-limiting factor governing the swelling process) However, there are many natural examples of chemically driven actuation that rely on short diffusion paths to produce a rapid response It is therefore expected that scaling down hydrogel objects to the micrometre scale should greatly improve response times At these scales, stimuli-responsive hydrogels could enhance the capabilities of microfluidic systems by allowing self-regulated flow control Here we report the fabrication of active hydrogel components inside microchannels via direct photopatterning of a liquid phase Our approach greatly simplifies system construction and assembly as the functional components are fabricated in situ, and the stimuli-responsive hydrogel components perform both sensing and actuation functions We demonstrate significantly improved response times (less than 10 seconds) in hydrogel valves capable of autonomous control of local flow
1,968 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a novel nanocomposite hydrogels (NC gels) with a unique organic-inorganic (clay) network structure have been synthesized by in-situ free radical polymerization.
Abstract: Novel nanocomposite hydrogels (NC gels) with a unique organic-inorganic (clay) network structure (see Figure) have been synthesized by in-situ free radical polymerization. The resulting NC gels exhibit high structural homogeneity, superior elongation with near-complete recovery, good swellability, and rapid deswelling in response to temperature changes.
1,841 citations
"Mechanical properties of PNIPAM bas..." refers background in this paper
...in 2002 first reported the use of nanoparticles (clay) in hydrogel (nanocomposite hydrogel NC gel) and thus extended the concept of nanocomposite to the soft materials [148] (Table 4)....
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...The mechanical properties of hectorite based NC gels can be improved by increasing the clay content [148,151,152]....
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