Mechanical stiffening, bistability, and bit operations in a microcantilever
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the nonlinear dynamics of microcantilevers and showed that at strong driving, the cantilever amplitude is bistable and suggested several applications for the bistability of the canticle.
Abstract: We investigate the nonlinear dynamics of microcantilevers. We demonstrate mechanical stiffening of the frequency response at large amplitudes, originating from the geometric nonlinearity. At strong driving the cantilever amplitude is bistable. We map the bistable regime as a function of drive frequency and amplitude, and suggest several applications for the bistable microcantilever, of which a mechanical memory is demonstrated.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrate read-write-read-erase cyclical mechanical memory properties of all-thin-film multiferroic heterostructured cantilevers when a high voltage is applied on the Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 piezo-film.
Abstract: We demonstrate read-write-read-erase cyclical mechanical-memory properties of all-thin-film multiferroic heterostructured cantilevers when a high voltage is applied on the Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 piezo-film. The device state switching process occurs due to the presence of a hysteresis loop in the piezo-film frequency response. The reference frequency at which the strain-mediated Fe0.7Ga0.3 based multiferroic device switches can also be tuned by applying a DC magnetic field bias that contributes to increase of the cantilever effective stiffness. The switching dynamics is mapped in the phase space of the device measured transfer function characteristic for such high piezo-film voltage excitation, providing additional information on the dynamical stability of the devices.
8 citations
01 Jan 2019
TL;DR: The relevance of the dynamical integrity analysis for the engineering design of a mechanical system, in order to operate it in safe conditions, according to the desired outcome and depending on the expected disturbances is shown.
Abstract: The present chapter highlights the importance of the dynamical integrity theory for micro and nanoapplications. Three case-studies of devices at different scales are presented (a capacitive accelerometer, a microbeam-based micro-electro-mechanical system, and a single-walled slacked carbon nanotube) and different issues commonly addressed in the engineering design are examined via dynamical integrity concepts. The iso-integrity curves are observed to follow exactly the experimental data. They are able to detect the parameter range where each attractor can be reliably observed in practice and where, instead, becomes vulnerable. Also, they may be used to simulate and predict the expected dynamics under different (smaller or larger) experimental disturbances. While referring to particular case-studies, we show the relevance of the dynamical integrity analysis for the engineering design of a mechanical system, in order to operate it in safe conditions, according to the desired outcome and depending on the expected disturbances.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a concatenable digital logic element based on electrothermal frequency tuning of electrically connected multiple arch resonators has been realized by reconfiguring the same basic building block, the arch microresonator.
8 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors apply the well-established theoretical method developed for geometrical nonlinearities of micro/nano-mechanical clamped beams to circular drums.
Abstract: We apply the well-established theoretical method developed for geometrical nonlinearities of micro/nano-mechanical clamped beams to circular drums. The calculation is performed under the same hypotheses, the extra difficulty being to analytically describe the (coordinate-dependent) additional stress generated in the structure by the motion. Specifically, the model applies to non-axisymmetric mode shapes. An analytic expression is produced for the Duffing (hardening) nonlinear coefficient, which requires only the knowledge of the mode shape functions to be evaluated. This formulation is simple to handle, and does not rely on complex numerical methods. Moreover, no hypotheses are made on the drive scheme and the nature of the in-plane stress: it is not required to be of electrostatic origin. We confront our predictions with both typical experimental devices and relevant theoretical results from the literature. Generalization of the presented method to Duffing-type mode-coupling should be a straightforward extension of this work. We believe that the presented modeling will contribute to the development of nonlinear physics implemented in 2D micro/nano-mechanical structures.
7 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between the photothermal cooling efficiency of a micro-cantilever's mechanical mode and the environmental temperature is studied. And the results in a temperature range from 77 K to 298 K show that temperature has an obvious influence on photothermal heating efficiency.
Abstract: The relationship between the photothermal cooling efficiency of a micro-cantilever's mechanical mode and the environmental temperature is studied. The micro-cantilever and a polished fiber end form a low finesse Fabry-Perot (FP) cavity. Experimental results in a temperature range from 77 K to 298 K show that temperature has an obvious influence on photothermal cooling efficiency. The photothermal cooling efficiency, eta(ph), at 100 K is 10 times that at 298 K. This accords well with the theoretical analysis that the high photothermal cooling efficiency can be achieved when photothermal response time, tau(ph), and mechanical resonant frequency, omega(0), are close to the optimal photothermal cooling condition omega(0)tau(ph) = 1. Our study provides an important approach for high effective photothermal cooling and high-sensitivity measurement for force microscopy.
7 citations
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IBM1
TL;DR: The long relaxation time of the measured signal suggests that the state of an individual spin can be monitored for extended periods of time, even while subjected to a complex set of manipulations that are part of the MRFM measurement protocol.
Abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is well known as a powerful technique for visualizing subsurface structures with three-dimensional spatial resolution. Pushing the resolution below 1 micro m remains a major challenge, however, owing to the sensitivity limitations of conventional inductive detection techniques. Currently, the smallest volume elements in an image must contain at least 10(12) nuclear spins for MRI-based microscopy, or 10(7) electron spins for electron spin resonance microscopy. Magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) was proposed as a means to improve detection sensitivity to the single-spin level, and thus enable three-dimensional imaging of macromolecules (for example, proteins) with atomic resolution. MRFM has also been proposed as a qubit readout device for spin-based quantum computers. Here we report the detection of an individual electron spin by MRFM. A spatial resolution of 25 nm in one dimension was obtained for an unpaired spin in silicon dioxide. The measured signal is consistent with a model in which the spin is aligned parallel or anti-parallel to the effective field, with a rotating-frame relaxation time of 760 ms. The long relaxation time suggests that the state of an individual spin can be monitored for extended periods of time, even while subjected to a complex set of manipulations that are part of the MRFM measurement protocol.
1,379 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reported the detection of an individual electron spin by magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) and achieved a spatial resolution of 25nm in one dimension for an unpaired spin in silicon dioxide.
Abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is well known as a powerful technique for visualizing subsurface structures with three-dimensional spatial resolution. Pushing the resolution below 1 µm remains a major challenge, however, owing to the sensitivity limitations of conventional inductive detection techniques. Currently, the smallest volume elements in an image must contain at least 1012 nuclear spins for MRI-based microscopy, or 107 electron spins for electron spin resonance microscopy. Magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) was proposed as a means to improve detection sensitivity to the single-spin level, and thus enable three-dimensional imaging of macromolecules (for example, proteins) with atomic resolution. MRFM has also been proposed as a qubit readout device for spin-based quantum computers. Here we report the detection of an individual electron spin by MRFM. A spatial resolution of 25 nm in one dimension was obtained for an unpaired spin in silicon dioxide. The measured signal is consistent with a model in which the spin is aligned parallel or anti-parallel to the effective field, with a rotating-frame relaxation time of 760 ms. The long relaxation time suggests that the state of an individual spin can be monitored for extended periods of time, even while subjected to a complex set of manipulations that are part of the MRFM measurement protocol.
1,192 citations
01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: In this article, a set of mathematically consistent governing differential equations of motion describing the nonplanar, nonlinear dynamics of an inextensional beam is developed with the objective of retaining contributions due to nonlinear curvature as well as nonlinear inertia.
Abstract: This paper is divided into two parts. The authors’ purpose in Part I is to formulate a set of mathematically consistent governing differential equations of motion describing the nonplanar, nonlinear dynamics of an inextensional beam. The beam is assumed to undergo flexure about two principal axes and torsion. The equations are developed with the objective of retaining contributions due to nonlinear curvature as well as nonlinear inertia. A priori ordering assumptions are avoided as much as possible in the process. The equations are expanded to contain nonlinearities up to order three to facilitate comparison with analogous equations in the literature, and to render them amenable to the study of moderately large amplitude flexural-torsional oscillations by perturbation techniques. The utilization of the order-three equations in the analysis of nonlinear beam oscillations is the subject of Part II.
362 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the atomic force microscope (AFM) tip and sample are adjusted by pH and electrolytes to distribute the force applied to the AFM tip over a large sample area.
354 citations
TL;DR: Pulsed microwave reflection measurements on nanofabricated Al junctions show that actual devices attain the performance predicted by theory, and the absence of on-chip dissipation is shown.
Abstract: We have constructed a new type of amplifier whose primary purpose is the readout of superconducting quantum bits. It is based on the transition of a rf-driven Josephson junction between two distinct oscillation states near a dynamical bifurcation point. The main advantages of this new amplifier are speed, high sensitivity, low backaction, and the absence of on-chip dissipation. Pulsed microwave reflection measurements on nanofabricated Al junctions show that actual devices attain the performance predicted by theory.
328 citations