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Journal ArticleDOI

Mechanistic aspects of biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by several Fusarium oxysporum strains.

TL;DR: Extracellular production of metal nanoparticles by several strains of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum was carried out in this paper, where it was found that aqueous silver ions when exposed to several FUSarium oxyssporum strains are reduced in solution, thereby leading to the formation of silver hydrosol.
Abstract: Extracellular production of metal nanoparticles by several strains of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum was carried out It was found that aqueous silver ions when exposed to several Fusarium oxysporum strains are reduced in solution, thereby leading to the formation of silver hydrosol The silver nanoparticles were in the range of 20–50 nm in dimensions The reduction of the metal ions occurs by a nitrate-dependent reductase and a shuttle quinone extracellular process The potentialities of this nanotechnological design based in fugal biosynthesis of nanoparticles for several technical applications are important, including their high potential as antibacterial material

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TL;DR: A comprehensive view on the mechanism of action, production, applications in the medical field, and health and environmental concerns that are allegedly caused due to these nanoparticles is provided in this paper.
Abstract: Silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles of silver which are in the range of 1 and 100 nm in size. Silver nanoparticles have unique properties which help in molecular diagnostics, in therapies, as well as in devices that are used in several medical procedures. The major methods used for silver nanoparticle synthesis are the physical and chemical methods. The problem with the chemical and physical methods is that the synthesis is expensive and can also have toxic substances absorbed onto them. To overcome this, the biological method provides a feasible alternative. The major biological systems involved in this are bacteria, fungi, and plant extracts. The major applications of silver nanoparticles in the medical field include diagnostic applications and therapeutic applications. In most of the therapeutic applications, it is the antimicrobial property that is being majorly explored, though the anti-inflammatory property has its fair share of applications. Though silver nanoparticles are rampantly used in many medical procedures and devices as well as in various biological fields, they have their drawbacks due to nanotoxicity. This review provides a comprehensive view on the mechanism of action, production, applications in the medical field, and the health and environmental concerns that are allegedly caused due to these nanoparticles. The focus is on effective and efficient synthesis of silver nanoparticles while exploring their various prospective applications besides trying to understand the current scenario in the debates on the toxicity concerns these nanoparticles pose.

1,852 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this review, the role of microorganisms and plants in the synthesis of nanoparticles is critically assessed.
Abstract: Nanotechnology involves the production, manipulation and use of materials ranging in size from less than a micron to that of individual atoms. Although nanomaterials may be synthesized using chemical approaches, it is now possible to include the use of biological materials. In this review, we critically assess the role of microorganisms and plants in the synthesis of nanoparticles.

1,607 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The current status of microbial synthesis and applications of metal nanoparticles is presented and several factors such as microbial cultivation methods and the extraction techniques have to be optimized and the combinatorial approach such as photobiological methods may be used.

1,472 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The antibacterial activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles showed effective inhibitory activity against water borne pathogens Viz., Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae.

1,231 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The synthesis of metallic nanoparticles of silver using a reduction of aqueous Ag(+) ion with the culture supernatants of Klebsiella pneumoniae is reported on and their part in increasing the antimicrobial activities of various antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli is evaluated.

1,192 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is observed that aqueous silver ions when exposed to the fungus Fusarium oxysporum are reduced in solution, thereby leading to the formation of an extremely stable silver hydrosol, creating the possibility of developing a rational, fungal-based method for the synthesis of nanomaterials over a range of chemical compositions, which is currently not possible by other microbe-based methods.

1,765 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Electron microscopy analysis of thin sections of the fungal cells indicated that the silver particles were formed below the cell wall surface, possibly due to reduction of the metal ions by enzymes present in the cell walls membrane.
Abstract: A novel biological method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the fungus Verticillium is reported. Exposure of the fungal biomass to aqueous Ag+ ions resulted in the intracellular reduction of the metal ions and formation of silver nanoparticles of dimensions 25 ± 12 nm. Electron microscopy analysis of thin sections of the fungal cells indicated that the silver particles were formed below the cell wall surface, possibly due to reduction of the metal ions by enzymes present in the cell wall membrane. The metal ions were not toxic to the fungal cells and the cells continued to multiply after biosynthesis of the silver nanoparticles.

1,207 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This fluorometric method combines speed and sensitivity with the handling of a large number of samples for the quantification of nitrite generated from in vivo and in vitro sources.

1,041 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this report, the in vitro biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using silver-binding peptides identified from a combinatorial phage display peptide library is described.
Abstract: The creation of nanoscale materials for advanced structures has led to a growing interest in the area of biomineralization. Numerous microorganisms are capable of synthesizing inorganic-based structures. For example, diatoms use amorphous silica as a structural material, bacteria synthesize magnetite (Fe3O4) particles and form silver nanoparticles, and yeast cells synthesize cadmium sulphide nanoparticles. The process of biomineralization and assembly of nanostructured inorganic components into hierarchical structures has led to the development of a variety of approaches that mimic the recognition and nucleation capabilities found in biomolecules for inorganic material synthesis. In this report, we describe the in vitro biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using silver-binding peptides identified from a combinatorial phage display peptide library.

1,008 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: An overview of the research efforts worldwide on the use of micro-organisms in the biosynthesis of inorganic nanoparticles, with particular emphasis on the recent and exciting results obtained at the National Chemical Laboratory, Pune on the biosynthetic of noble-metal nanoparticles using fungi and actinomycete is provided.
Abstract: There is little doubt that nanomaterials will play a key role in many technologies of the future. One key aspect of nanotechnology concerns the development of reliable experimental protocols for the synthesis of nanomaterials over a range of chemical compositions, sizes and high monodispersity. In the context of the current drive to develop green technologies in materials synthesis, this aspect of nanotechnology assumes considerable importance. An attractive possibility is to use micro-organisms in the synthesis of nanoparticles. In this article, we provide a brief overview of the research efforts worldwide on the use of micro-organisms in the biosynthesis of inorganic nanoparticles, with particular emphasis on the recent and exciting results obtained at the National Chemical Laboratory, Pune on the biosynthesis of noble-metal nanoparticles using fungi and actinomycete. Some of the challenges in this emerging approach are highlighted.

921 citations