Medial prefrontal cortex as an action-outcome predictor
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...…elevated dACC activity in response to surprising outcomes (Cavanagh et al., 2012; Landmann et al., 2007; Nee et al., 2011; Wessel et al., 2012) and, more generally, following unanticipated shifts in task contingencies (Alexander and Brown, 2011; Behrens et al., 2007; Bland and Schaefer, 2011)....
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...These observations have inspired a recent model of dACC function by Alexander and Brown (2011), which suggests that dACC stores predicted associations between stimuli and responseoutcome (RO) conjunctions, and signals any violations of these predicted S-RO relationships....
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1,153 citations
Cites background from "Medial prefrontal cortex as an acti..."
...Alternatively, it has been suggested that the mPFC compares actual and expected outcomes and computes the degree of expectancy violation (i.e., ‘‘surprise’’) (Alexander and Brown, 2011)....
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...As has been previously suggested, the mPFC likely forms and stores schema which map context and events onto appropriate actions (Alexander and Brown, 2011; Miller and Cohen, 2001)....
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References
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...In essence, equation (5) specifies a vectorvalued temporal difference model that learns a prediction proportional to the likelihood of a given response-outcome conjunction at a given time....
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6,234 citations
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...The role of S is to provide an immediate prediction of the likely outcomes of actions and inhibit those that are predicted to yield an undesirable outcome (see equation (13))....
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...The model architecture remained the same as in simulation 1 except that lateral inhibition between response units (equation (13)) was removed to allow simultaneous generation of response....
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3,438 citations