Medicinal Plants Used in COVID-19 Pandemic in Buddhabhumi Municipality, Kapilvastu, Nepal
TL;DR: It is concluded from the survey and available literatures that medicinal plants play a significant role against viral infections.
Abstract: Background: Currently, the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is posing a serious threat to global health. Although approved COVID-19 vaccines have been claimed to provide a high degree of protection against getting seriously ill and dying from the disease, they are not in the approach of all people especially those from the least developed countries like Nepal. Desperation within people has led to increased use of medicinal plants to cure the miscellaneous symptoms of COVID-19 and to prevent infection without proper knowledge of their phytochemical and pharmacological properties. Methods: Based on the online and interpersonal inquiries with 59 COVID-19 survivors and 111 inhabitants of Buddhabhumi Municipality, Kapilvastu, Nepal, the ethnomedicinal data were collected and summarized using descriptive statistics like frequency, percentage tables, and graphs. For each medicinal plant species, the frequency of citation (FC) and relative frequency of citation (RFC) were calculated along with a radar chart for the top 15 cited species with their phytochemical and pharmacological properties. Results: This study documented 41 species of medicinal plants belonging to 24 different families and 37 genera were used. Herbs were predominant among other life-forms and leaves were highly used among other plant parts. Turmeric (Curcuma longa, with the highest frequency of citation of 0.80) was the most frequently used species. Most of the respondents (44%) obtained medicinal plants from their home gardens. Family, friends, and neighbors were the primary sources of information the respondents followed. Interestingly, all of the 15 most frequently cited medicinal plants were reported to have both antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties and 14 of them were proclaimed to be immunomodulatory. Conclusion: Therefore, we conclude from the survey and available literatures that medicinal plants play a significant role against viral infections.
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: Benarba et al. as mentioned in this paper reviewed the recent findings regarding the use of natural products to prevent or treat COVID-19 infection and discussed mechanisms responsible for this preventive or therapeutic effect.
Abstract: The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infection has been declared world pandemic causing a worrisome number of deaths, especially among vulnerable citizens, in 209 countries around the world Although several therapeutic molecules are being tested, no effective vaccines or specific treatments have been developed Since the COVID-19 outbreak, different traditional herbal medicines with promising results have been used alone or in combination with conventional drugs to treat infected patients Here, we review the recent findings regarding the use of natural products to prevent or treat COVID-19 infection Furthermore, the mechanisms responsible for this preventive or therapeutic effect are discussed We conducted literature research using PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and WHO website Dissertations and theses were not considered Only the situation reports edited by the WHO were included The different herbal products (extracts) and purified molecules may exert their anti-SARS-CoV-2 actions by direct inhibition of the virus replication or entry Interestingly, some products may block the ACE-2 receptor or the serine protease TMPRRS2 required by SARS-CoV-2 to infect human cells In addition, natural products were shown to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 life-cycle related proteins such as papain-like or chymotrypsin-like proteases In conclusion, we suggest that natural products could be used alone or in combination as alternative medicines to treat/prevent COVID-19 infection Moreover, their structures may offer clues for the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs FAU - Benarba, Bachir
22 citations
TL;DR: Pogostemon benghalensis is a promising aromatic and medicinal plant as depicted by its various traditional uses and pharmacological studies, and is a rich source of various biologically active compounds.
Abstract: Pogostemon benghalensis (Burm.f.) Kuntze (Lamiaceae) is an important aromatic plant. Multiple classes of phytochemicals such as flavonoids, phenols, phytosteroids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, glycosides, sterols, terpenoids, tannins, essential oil, and alkaloids have been isolated from the title species. Different plant parts have been used as traditional remedies for various ailments. The present review aims to update and coherent the fragmented information on botanical aspects, phytochemistry, traditional uses, and pharmacological activities. An extensive review of the literature was carried out by using various search engines like PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Google, Scifinder for information. The articles were searched using the keywords "Pogostemon", "Parviflorus’, "benghalensis". Chemical structures of the chemical compounds were drawn using software Chem Draw ultra 8.0. Most of the plant parts have been used for the treatment of various ailments. Phytochemistry reveals that the plant is a rich source of various biologically active compounds. Pogostemon extracts exhibited numerous pharmacological effects like anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. In sum, P. benghalensis is a promising aromatic and medicinal plant as depicted by its various traditional uses and pharmacological studies. Bioactive compounds, responsible for its various pharmacological activities at the molecular level, need further detailed investigations. Future clinical studies are also required to validate the various traditional uses of P. benghalensis.
4 citations
01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Instituto de Ecología, Carrera de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias Puras y Naturales, Universidad Mayor of San Andrés, andrés Bello s/n Cota Cota, La Paz, Bolivia.
Abstract: Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Instituto de Ecología, Carrera de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Puras y Naturales, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, Calle 27 y Andrés Bello s/n Cota Cota, 10077– Correo Central, La Paz, Bolivia. Institute of Botany, Department of Ethnobotany, Ilia State University, 1 Botanical Street, 0105 Tiflis, Georgia. Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA. *Autora de correspondencia: cmaldonado@fcpn.edu.bo
4 citations
DOI•
06 Nov 2020
TL;DR: This review aimed to summarize some important medicinal plants with herbal formulae and guidelines which are used to treat viral disease especially pandemic disease COVID-19, and some natural herbal compounds prepared from existing medicinal plants available surrounding us have demonstrated encouraging antiviral properties.
Abstract: The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the COVID–19 as a pandemic disease due to its rapid spreading worldwide, caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that has caused many fatalities. Until now, no effective treatment in the form of anti-virus medication or vaccine has been available for the disease. Therefore, this review aimed to summarize some important medicinal plants with herbal formulae and guidelines which are used to treat viral disease especially pandemic disease COVID-19. Based on this argument, an online search was performed, which assisted to identify a group of plant species harboring antiviral properties. In the recent past, some natural herbal compounds prepared from existing medicinal plants available surrounding us have demonstrated encouraging antiviral properties. This review can be used as guidance of traditional medicine for the alternative treatment of COVID-19 disease with the utilization of medicinal plants. As COVID-19 has no specific treatments or vaccines in our hands, we must continue our investigation to find the most suitable treatment for this pandemic.
2 citations
References
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TL;DR: The clinical picture was remarkably similar to that of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003 and reminds us that animal coronaviruses can cause severe disease in humans.
Abstract: A previously unknown coronavirus was isolated from the sputum of a 60-year-old man who presented with acute pneumonia and subsequent renal failure with a fatal outcome in Saudi Arabia. The virus (called HCoV-EMC) replicated readily in cell culture, producing cytopathic effects of rounding, detachment, and syncytium formation. The virus represents a novel betacoronavirus species. The closest known relatives are bat coronaviruses HKU4 and HKU5. Here, the clinical data, virus isolation, and molecular identification are presented. The clinical picture was remarkably similar to that of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak in 2003 and reminds us that animal coronaviruses can cause severe disease in humans.
4,809 citations
"Medicinal Plants Used in COVID-19 P..." refers background in this paper
...…in 2003 (De et al. 2016, Lee et al. 2003, Pieris et al. 2003) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012 (Alagaili et al. 2014, Memish et al. 2013, Zaki et al. 2012), COVID-19 is the third novel coronavirus to cause a large-scale epidemic in the twenty-first century....
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TL;DR: The emergence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012 marked the second introduction of a highly pathogenic coronav virus into the human population in the twenty-first century, and the current state of development of measures to combat emerging coronaviruses is discussed.
Abstract: The emergence of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012 marked the second introduction of a highly pathogenic coronavirus into the human population in the twenty-first century. The continuing introductions of MERS-CoV from dromedary camels, the subsequent travel-related viral spread, the unprecedented nosocomial outbreaks and the high case-fatality rates highlight the need for prophylactic and therapeutic measures. Scientific advancements since the 2002-2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) pandemic allowed for rapid progress in our understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of MERS-CoV and the development of therapeutics. In this Review, we detail our present understanding of the transmission and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, and discuss the current state of development of measures to combat emerging coronaviruses.
2,794 citations
TL;DR: Serological and molecular tests specific for the virus permitted a definitive laboratory diagnosis to be made and allowed further investigation to define whether other cofactors play a part in disease progression.
Abstract: Summary Background An outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has been reported in Hong Kong. We investigated the viral cause and clinical presentation among 50 patients. Methods We analysed case notes and microbiological findings for 50 patients with SARS, representing more than five separate epidemiologically linked transmission clusters. We defined the clinical presentation and risk factors associated with severe disease and investigated the causal agents by chest radiography and laboratory testing of nasopharyngeal aspirates and sera samples. We compared the laboratory findings with those submitted for microbiological investigation of other diseases from patients whose identity was masked. Findings Patients' age ranged from 23 to 74 years. Fever, chills, myalgia, and cough were the most frequent complaints. When compared with chest radiographic changes, respiratory symptoms and auscultatory findings were disproportionally mild. Patients who were household contacts of other infected people and had older age, lymphopenia, and liver dysfunction were associated with severe disease. A virus belonging to the family Coronaviridae was isolated from two patients. By use of serological and reverse-transcriptase PCR specific for this virus, 45 of 50 patients with SARS, but no controls, had evidence of infection with this virus. Interpretation A coronavirus was isolated from patients with SARS that might be the primary agent associated with this disease. Serological and molecular tests specific for the virus permitted a definitive laboratory diagnosis to be made and allowed further investigation to define whether other cofactors play a part in disease progression.
2,753 citations
"Medicinal Plants Used in COVID-19 P..." refers background in this paper
...Medicinal herbs have always been part of Nepalese home gardens (Pokhrel 2015) and are traditionally used in many therapeutic practices (Babich et al. 2020)....
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TL;DR: The approaches for developing effective vaccines and therapeutic combinations to cope with this viral outbreak are discussed and the emergence and pathogenicity of COVID-19 infection and previous human coronaviruses severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and middle east respiratory virus (MERS- coV) is analyzed.
Abstract: The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a highly transmittable and pathogenic viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which emerged in Wuhan, China and spread around the world. Genomic analysis revealed that SARS-CoV-2 is phylogenetically related to severe acute respiratory syndrome-like (SARS-like) bat viruses, therefore bats could be the possible primary reservoir. The intermediate source of origin and transfer to humans is not known, however, the rapid human to human transfer has been confirmed widely. There is no clinically approved antiviral drug or vaccine available to be used against COVID-19. However, few broad-spectrum antiviral drugs have been evaluated against COVID-19 in clinical trials, resulted in clinical recovery. In the current review, we summarize and comparatively analyze the emergence and pathogenicity of COVID-19 infection and previous human coronaviruses severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). We also discuss the approaches for developing effective vaccines and therapeutic combinations to cope with this viral outbreak.
2,643 citations
TL;DR: SARS is a serious respiratory illness that led to significant morbidity and mortality in this cohort of 138 cases of suspected SARS during a hospital outbreak in Hong Kong.
Abstract: background There has been an outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) worldwide. We report the clinical, laboratory, and radiologic features of 138 cases of suspected SARS during a hospital outbreak in Hong Kong. methods From March 11 to 25, 2003, all patients with suspected SARS after exposure to an index patient or ward were admitted to the isolation wards of the Prince of Wales Hospital. Their demographic, clinical, laboratory, and radiologic characteristics were analyzed. Clinical end points included the need for intensive care and death. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. results There were 66 male patients and 72 female patients in this cohort, 69 of whom were health care workers. The most common symptoms included fever (in 100 percent of the patients); chills, rigors, or both (73.2 percent); and myalgia (60.9 percent). Cough and headache were also reported in more than 50 percent of the patients. Other common findings were lymphopenia (in 69.6 percent), thrombocytopenia (44.8 percent), and elevated lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase levels (71.0 percent and 32.1 percent, respectively). Peripheral air-space consolidation was commonly observed on thoracic computed tomographic scanning. A total of 32 patients (23.2 percent) were admitted to the intensive care unit; 5 patients died, all of whom had coexisting conditions. In a multivariate analysis, the independent predictors of an adverse outcome were advanced age (odds ratio per decade of life, 1.80; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.16 to 2.81; P=0.009), a high peak lactate dehydrogenase level (odds ratio per 100 U per liter, 2.09; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.28 to 3.42; P=0.003), and an absolute neutrophil count that exceeded the upper limit of the normal range on presentation (odds ratio, 1.60; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.03 to 2.50; P=0.04). conclusions SARS is a serious respiratory illness that led to significant morbidity and mortality in our cohort.
2,256 citations
"Medicinal Plants Used in COVID-19 P..." refers methods in this paper
...After the Severe Acute Ethnobotany Research and Applications 2 Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2003 (De et al. 2016, Lee et al. 2003, Pieris et al. 2003) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012 (Alagaili et al. 2014, Memish et al. 2013, Zaki et al.…...
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