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Journal ArticleDOI

Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

TL;DR: A survey of plants that have shown anti-HIV activity, both in vitro and in vivo is presented, to provide therapeutic options for populations with limited resources or access to currently efficacious chemotherapies.
Abstract: Since the beginning of the epidemic, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has infected around 70 million people worldwide, most of whom reside is sub-Saharan Africa. There have been very promising developments in the treatment of HIV with anti-retroviral drug cocktails. However, drug resistance to anti-HIV drugs is emerging, and many people infected with HIV have adverse reactions or do not have ready access to currently available HIV chemotherapies. Thus, there is a need to discover new anti-HIV agents to supplement our current arsenal of anti-HIV drugs and to provide therapeutic options for populations with limited resources or access to currently efficacious chemotherapies. Plant-derived natural products continue to serve as a reservoir for the discovery of new medicines, including anti-HIV agents. This review presents a survey of plants that have shown anti-HIV activity, both in vitro and in vivo.

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Citations
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Journal Article
TL;DR: Male circumcision significantly reduces the risk of HIV acquisition in young men in Africa and should be integrated with other HIV preventive interventions and provided as expeditiously as possible.

1,692 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
30 Sep 2019
TL;DR: Examples of medicinal plants with antidiabetic potential are described, with focuses on preclinical and clinical studies.
Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is one of the major health problems in the world, the incidence and associated mortality are increasing. Inadequate regulation of the blood sugar imposes serious consequences for health. Conventional antidiabetic drugs are effective, however, also with unavoidable side effects. On the other hand, medicinal plants may act as an alternative source of antidiabetic agents. Examples of medicinal plants with antidiabetic potential are described, with focuses on preclinical and clinical studies. The beneficial potential of each plant matrix is given by the combined and concerted action of their profile of biologically active compounds.

299 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An overview of the strategies used to chemically modify chitosan by introduction of sulfonate groups on chitOSan backbone is provided, focusing on various sulfonating or sulfating agents used and substitution regioselectivity, and highlights their applications in biomedical field.

129 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: From traditional uses as herbal remedies to preclinical evidence, critically discussing the in vitro and in vivo studies focusing on plant extracts and even isolated phytochemicals with antiulcerogenic potential, comprehensively reviewed the plant sources used as antiulcers agents.
Abstract: In this narrative review, we have comprehensively reviewed the plant sources used as antiulcer agents. From traditional uses as herbal remedies, we have moved on to preclinical evidence, critically discussing the in vitro and in vivo studies focusing on plant extracts and even isolated phytochemicals with antiulcerogenic potential. A particular emphasis was also paid to Helicobacter pylori activity, with emphasis on involved mechanisms of action. Lastly, the issue of safety profile of these plant products has also been addressed.

125 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a workflow of combined in silico methods (virtual drug screening, molecular docking and supervised machine learning algorithms) was applied to identify novel drug candidates against COVID-19.

106 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, Antiretroviral therapy that reduces viral replication could limit the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in serodiscordant couples.
Abstract: Background Antiretroviral therapy that reduces viral replication could limit the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in serodiscordant couples. Methods In nine countries, we...

5,871 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The exciting evidence generated by this paper – that antiretroviral treatment of HIV-1 infection definitively reduces the risk of onward transmission of the virus by 96% – was rightly dubbed Science magazine's ‘Breakthrough of the Year’ in 2011.
Abstract: MS Cohen, YQ Chen, M McCauley N Engl J Med 2011 365:493–505. The exciting evidence generated by this paper – that antiretroviral treatment of HIV-1 infection definitively reduces the risk of onward transmission of the virus by 96% – was rightly dubbed Science magazine's ‘Breakthrough of the Year’ in 2011.1 ,2 It has long been known that the probability of sexual transmission of HIV is strongly correlated with concentrations of HIV in blood and genital fluids.3 ,4 Effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) produces prolonged and sustained suppression of HIV replication in these compartments, reducing the amount of free virus.5 ,6 Thus, there has long been a …

4,259 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Male circumcision provides a degree of protection against acquiring HIV infection, equivalent to what a vaccine of high efficacy would have achieved in sub-Saharan Africa.
Abstract: Background Observational studies suggest that male circumcision may provide protection against HIV-1 infection. A randomized, controlled intervention trial was conducted in a general population of South Africa to test this hypothesis. Methods and Findings A total of 3,274 uncircumcised men, aged 18–24 y, were randomized to a control or an intervention group with follow-up visits at months 3, 12, and 21. Male circumcision was offered to the intervention group immediately after randomization and to the control group at the end of the follow-up. The grouped censored data were analyzed in intention-to-treat, univariate and multivariate, analyses, using piecewise exponential, proportional hazards models. Rate ratios (RR) of HIV incidence were determined with 95% CI. Protection against HIV infection was calculated as 1 � RR. The trial was stopped at the interim analysis, and the mean (interquartile range) follow-up was 18.1 mo (13.0–21.0) when the data were analyzed. There were 20 HIV infections (incidence rate ¼0.85 per 100 person-years) in the intervention group and 49 (2.1 per 100 person-years) in the control group, corresponding to an RR of 0.40 (95% CI: 0.24%–0.68%; p , 0.001). This RR corresponds to a protection of 60% (95% CI: 32%–76%). When controlling for behavioural factors, including sexual behaviour that increased slightly in the intervention group, condom use, and health-seeking behaviour, the protection was of 61% (95% CI: 34%– 77%).

2,483 citations


"Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatm..." refers background in this paper

  • ...The reduction in the morbidity and mortality of the disease has changed it from a fatal disease to a chronic, manageable condition [2,3,11,12]....

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  • ...Research continues into HIV vaccines and antimicrobial agents, however other major advances in HIV prevention has been voluntary male medical circumcision [11,12], as well as antiretrovirals for the prevention of mother to child transmission [13–16]....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a randomised controlled trial of 2784 men aged 18-24 years in Kisumu, Kenya was conducted to determine whether male circumcision had a protective effect against HIV infection, and to assess safety and changes in sexual behaviour related to this intervention.

2,075 citations

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