Mercury in dental-filling materials -- an updated risk analysis in environmental medical terms

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Mercury in dental-filling materials -- an updated risk analysis in environmental medical terms

Mercury in dental-filling materials -- an updated risk analysis in environmental medical terms

01 Jan 2002-

About: The article was published on 2002-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 16 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Mercury (element).

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Journal Article•DOI•

The role of thiols, dithiols, nutritional factors and interacting ligands in the toxicology of mercury.

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James Rooney¹•Institutions (1)

Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland¹

20 May 2007-Toxicology

TL;DR: The issue of diagnostic testing for chronic, historical or low dose mercury poisoning is considered including an analysis of the influence of ligand interactions and nutritional factors upon the accuracy of "chelation challenge" tests.

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329 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Overview of the clinical toxicity of mercury.

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Laszlo Magos, Thomas W. Clarkson¹•Institutions (1)

University of Rochester¹

01 Jul 2006-Annals of Clinical Biochemistry

TL;DR: The aim of this review is to survey differences in human exposure and in the toxicology of different forms of mercury to study subclinical effects in population studies.

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Abstract: Mercury is ubiquitous in the environment and therefore every human being, irrespective of age and location, is exposed to one form of mercury or another. The major source of environmental mercury is natural degassing of the earth's crust, but industrial activities can raise exposure to toxic levels directly or through the use or misuse of the liquid metals or synthesized mercurial compounds. The aim of this review is to survey differences in human exposure and in the toxicology of different forms of mercury. It covers not only symptoms and signs observed in poisoned individuals by a clinician but also subclinical effects in population studies, the final evaluation of which is the domain of statisticians.

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221 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Is dental amalgam safe for humans? The opinion of the scientific committee of the European Commission

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Joachim Mutter

13 Jan 2011-Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology

TL;DR: It was claimed by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) in a report to the EU-Commission that "....no risks of adverse systemic effects exist and the current use of dental amalgam does not pose a risk of systemic disease..."

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Abstract: It was claimed by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR)) in a report to the EU-Commission that "....no risks of adverse systemic effects exist and the current use of dental amalgam does not pose a risk of systemic disease..." [1, available from: http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_scenihr/docs/scenihr_o_016.pdf].

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109 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Amalgam studies: disregarding basic principles of mercury toxicity.

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Joachim Mutter, Johannes Naumann, Catharina Sadaghiani, Harald Walach, Gustav Drasch¹ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (1)

Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich¹

01 Jan 2004-International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

TL;DR: A number of studies are methodically flawed drawing inaccurate conclusions as to the safety of dental amalgam, considering the newest findings on mercury toxicity and metabolism.

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101 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

The potential adverse health effects of dental amalgam.

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Amy M. Brownawell, Stanley Berent¹, Robert L. Brent², James V. Bruckner³, John Doull⁴, Eric Gershwin⁵, Ronald D. Hood⁶, Genevieve M. Matanoski⁷, Raphael Rubin², Bernard Weiss⁸, Meryl H. Karol⁹ - Show less +7 more•Institutions (9)

University of Michigan¹, Thomas Jefferson University², University of Georgia³, University of Kansas⁴, University of California, Davis⁵, University of Alabama⁶, Johns Hopkins University⁷, University of Rochester⁸, University of Pittsburgh⁹

01 Jan 2005-Toxicological Reviews

TL;DR: This review has uncovered no convincing evidence pointing to any adverse health effects that are attributable to dental amalgam restorations besides hypersensitivity in some individuals.

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Abstract: There is significant public concern about the potential health effects of exposure to mercury vapour (Hg0) released from dental amalgam restorations. The purpose of this article is to provide information about the toxicokinetics of Hg0, evaluate the findings from the recent scientific and medical literature, and identify research gaps that when filled may definitively support or refute the hypothesis that dental amalgam causes adverse health effects. Dental amalgam is a widely used restorative dental material that was introduced over 150 years ago. Most standard dental amalgam formulations contain approximately 50% elemental mercury. Experimental evidence consistently demonstrates that Hg0 is released from dental amalgam restorations and is absorbed by the human body. Numerous studies report positive correlations between the number of dental amalgam restorations or surfaces and urine mercury concentrations in non-occupationally exposed individuals. Although of public concern, it is currently unclear what adverse health effects are caused by the levels of Hg0 released from this restoration material. Historically, studies of occupationally exposed individuals have provided consistent information about the relationship between exposure to Hg0 and adverse effects reflecting both nervous system and renal dysfunction. Workers are usually exposed to substantially higher Hg0 levels than individuals with dental amalgam restorations and are typically exposed 8 hours per day for 20–30 years, whereas persons with dental amalgam restorations are exposed 24 hours per day over some portion of a lifetime. This review has uncovered no convincing evidence pointing to any adverse health effects that are attributable to dental amalgam restorations besides hypersensitivity in some individuals.

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100 citations

Cites background from "Mercury in dental-filling materials..."

...In cause the kidneys are the primary site of Hg2+ accumulation, 2002, a literature review of the health effects of dental amalgam chronic exposures to Hg0 >0.050mg Hg/m3 can result in adverse undertaken for the Dental Material Commission of Sweden[9] effects on renal function....
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...Although other literature reviews of dental serve as sentinels, as they are usually exposed to substantially amalgam have placed emphasis on animal and in vitro studies,[9] higher Hg0 levels than persons with dental amalgam restorations....
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...050mg Hg/m3 can result in adverse undertaken for the Dental Material Commission of Sweden[9] effects on renal function....
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...In addition, the governments of gingivitis, stomatitis, hearing loss, and emotional instability and Sweden and Denmark have banned and are currently phasing out irritability may begin to be observed at air concentrations all mercury-containing materials, including dental amalgam, be- >0.050mg Hg/m3 (urine mercury ≥60µg Hg/g creatinine)....
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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

Mercury distribution in cortical areas and fiber systems of the neonatal and maternal adult cerebrum after exposure of pregnant squirrel monkeys to mercury vapor.

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Karin Warfvinge¹, J. Hua¹, B. Logdberg¹•Institutions (1)

Lund University¹

01 Nov 1994-Environmental Research

TL;DR: Mapping of the distribution of mercury in the neocortical layers of the maternal brains revealed that the pyramidal cells contained more visualized mercury than the other neurons in the offspring brains, and mercury was found in both glial cells and neurons both in the cortical areas and in the fiber systems.

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34 citations

"Mercury in dental-filling materials..." refers background in this paper

...Data from animal experiments Exposure to mercury vapour in rat (Warfvinge et al. 1992), mouse (Warfvinge 1995) and monkey (Warfvinge et al. 1994; Warfvinge 2000) causes accumulation of mercury in the brain and spinal cord....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Low concentrations of inorganic mercury inhibit Ras activation during T cell receptor-mediated signal transduction.

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Raymond R. Mattingly¹, Aimee Felczak¹, Chien Chung Chen¹, Michael J. McCabe², Allen J. Rosenspire¹ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (2)

Wayne State University¹, University of Rochester²

01 Nov 2001-Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

TL;DR: It is demonstrated that subtoxic concentrations of HgCl(2) can potently (maximal at 1 microM) increase Ras and support a model for regulation of the Ras/MAP kinase pathway, whereby partial but unproductive activation of Ras can diminish signaling from cell surface receptors.

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33 citations

"Mercury in dental-filling materials..." refers background in this paper

...The same research group (Mattingly et al. 2001) reported that 0.6 µM HgCl2 inhibits T cellreceptor-mediated activation of RAS in Jurkat cells, which are a human T cell line....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Prevalence and antibiotic resistance profile of mercury-resistant oral bacteria from children with and without mercury amalgam fillings

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Rachel Pike¹, Victoria S. Lucas, Paul Stapleton, Mark S. Gilthorpe, Graham Roberts, Robin J. Rowbury, Hilary Richards, Peter Mullany, Michael Wilson - Show less +5 more•Institutions (1)

University College London¹

01 May 2002-Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

TL;DR: The results of this study show that there was no significant difference between children with amalgam fillings and those without such fillings with regard to the prevalence, or the proportion, of Hg-resistant bacteria in their oral microflora.

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Abstract: Genes encoding resistance to mercury and to antibiotics are often carried on the same mobile genetic element and so it is possible that mercury-containing dental materials may select for bacteria resistant to mercury and to antibiotics. The main aim of this study was to determine whether the prevalence of Hg-resistant oral bacteria was greater in children with mercury amalgam fillings than in those without. A secondary aim was to determine whether the Hg-resistant isolates were also antibiotic resistant. Bacteria in dental plaque and saliva from 41 children with amalgam fillings and 42 children without such fillings were screened for mercury resistance by cultivation on a HgCl2-containing medium. Surviving organisms were identified and their susceptibility to mercury and to several antibiotics was determined. Seventy-eight per cent and 74% of children in the amalgam group and amalgam-free group, respectively, harboured Hg-resistant bacteria; this difference was not statistically significant. Nor was there any significant difference between the groups in terms of the proportions of Hg-resistant bacteria in the oral microflora of the children. Of Hg-resistant bacteria, 88% and 92% from the amalgam group and the amalgam-free group, respectively, were streptococci; 41% and 33% were resistant to at least one antibiotic, most frequently tetracycline. The results of this study show that there was no significant difference between children with amalgam fillings and those without such fillings with regard to the prevalence, or the proportion, of Hg-resistant bacteria in their oral microflora. The study also found that Hg-resistant bacteria were common in children regardless of whether or not they had amalgam fillings and that many of these organisms were also resistant to antibiotics.

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33 citations

"Mercury in dental-filling materials..." refers background in this paper

...In a British survey of 83 children, half of whom had amalgam fillings and the other half of whom lacked them, no differences were found in the prevalence of mercury-resistant or antibiotic-resistant bacteria (Pike et al. 2002)....
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...In a British survey of 83 children, half of whom had amalgam fillings and the other half of whom lacked them, no differences were found in the prevalence of mercury-resistant or antibiotic-resistant bacteria ( Pike et al. 2002 )....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Mercury distribution in the rat brain after mercury vapor exposure.

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Karin Warfvinge¹, Jianyi Hua¹, Maths Berlin¹•Institutions (1)

Lund University¹

01 Nov 1992-Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

TL;DR: The mercury distribution in the brains was examined and Mercury was found primarily in the neocortex, in the basal nuclei, and in the cerebellar Purkinje cells, which corresponded to the pattern of inorganic mercury described after exposure to methyl mercury.

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30 citations

"Mercury in dental-filling materials..." refers background in this paper

...Data from animal experiments Exposure to mercury vapour in rat (Warfvinge et al. 1992), mouse (Warfvinge 1995) and monkey (Warfvinge et al. 1994; Warfvinge 2000) causes accumulation of mercury in the brain and spinal cord....
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Journal Article•

Activity of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in workers occupationally exposed to mercury.

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P. Bulat, I. Dujic, B. Potkonjak, A. Vidakovic

01 Sep 1998-International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

TL;DR: It can be concluded that occupational exposure to elemental mercury leads to increased lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes and it can be postulated that this exposure leads to decreased activity of GPX and SOD in ERY Throatcytes.

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Abstract: According to previous research the lipid peroxidation process has a significant role in mercury toxicity. Since glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) play a significant role in erythrocyte antioxidative defence, it is very important to determine their activity in occupationally exposed workers. The aim of this study was to assess the activity of antioxidative enzymes in the erythrocytes of workers occupationally exposed to mercury. We compared a group of 42 workers exposed to elemental mercury in a chloralkali plant (Hg group). The control group (C group) consisted of 75 subjects employed in lime production who had never been exposed to mercury or any toxic substance. The GPX activities in erythrocytes were significantly lower in the Hg group than in the control group (Hg group, 9.05 ± 7.52 IU/gHb; C group 15.54 ± 4.85 IU/gHb; p < 0.001). Also, SOD activity in the erythrocytes of workers occupationally exposed to mercury was significantly lower than in the control group (Hg group, 1280.7 ± 132.3 IU/gHb; C group, 1377.9 ± 207.5 IU/gHb: p < 0.006). The concentrations of mercury in blood were significantly higher in the Hg group compared to the control group (Hg group. 0.179 ± 0.040 μmol/l; C group. 0.023 ± 0.01 1 μmol/l; p < 0.001). Urine mercury concentrations were also significantly higher in the Hg group than in the control group (Hg group, 23.2 ± 11.3 nmol/mmol creatinine: C group. 2.7 ± 0.6 nmol/mmol creatinine; p < 0.001). The concentrations of selenium in erythrocytes were almost equal in both groups examined (Hg group, 62.9 ± 8.72 μg/l; C group. 65.8 ± 10.57 μg/l). Also, in the Hg group there were increased levels of erythrocyte malondialdehyde (Hg group, 138.58 ± 33.85 μmol/l: C group 105.21 ± 49.62 μmol/l; p < 0.001). On the basis of previous results, it can be concluded that occupational exposure to elemental mercury leads to increased lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes. Also, it can be postulated that this exposure leads to decreased activity of GPX and SOD in erythrocytes.

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29 citations

"Mercury in dental-filling materials..." refers background in this paper

...…G-6PD, AchE, GR and SOD was significantly reduced in a group comprising 46 chloralkali workers, with a urinary mercury concentration of 77 µg/l. Bulat et al. (1998) observed reduced activity for GPx and SOD in erythrocytes for a group of 42 chloralkali workers, with a urinary secretion rate…...
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