Mercury in human hair and blood samples from people living in Wanshan mercury mine area, Guizhou, China: an XAS study.
TL;DR: Inorganic mercury is the major mercury species in hair samples, while inorganic and methyl mercury are both about 50% of total mercury in RBC and serum samples, which is in agreement with the data obtained by acidic extraction, fractionation of Hg(2+) and CH(3)Hg(+) and quantification by ICP-MS.
About: This article is published in Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry.The article was published on 2008-03-01. It has received 17 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Mercury (element).
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TL;DR: The questions surrounding hair analysis are addressed with specific intent of discovering what hair concentrations can actually relate to in a biogenic sense, and why and how elements are incorporated into hair and their meaning.
Abstract: Hair analysis receives a large amount of academic and commercial interest for wide-ranging applications. However, in many instances, especially for elemental or ‘mineral’ analysis, the degree of success of analytical interpretation has been quite minimal with respect to the extent of such endeavors. In this critical review we address the questions surrounding hair analysis with specific intent of discovering what hair concentrations can actually relate to in a biogenic sense. This is done from a chemistry perspective to explain why and how elements are incorporated into hair and their meaning. This includes an overview of variables attributed to altering hair concentrations, such as age, gender, melanin content, and other less reported factors. Hair elemental concentrations are reviewed with regard to morbidity, with specific examples of disease related effects summarized. The application of hair analysis for epidemiology and etiology studies is enforced. A section is dedicated specifically to the area of population studies with regards to mercury, which highlights how endogenous and exogenous incorporation relies on species dependant metabolism and metabolic products. Many of the considerations are relevant to other areas of interest in hair analysis, such as for drug and isotopic analysis. Inclusion of a table of elemental concentrations in hair should act as a valuable reference (298 references).
153 citations
TL;DR: A review of analytical speciation methods developed for: the determination of oxidation states; organometallic compounds; coordination compounds; metal and heteroatom-containing biomolecules, including metalloproteins, proteins, peptides and amino acids; and the use of metal-tagging to facilitate detection via atomic spectrometry as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: This is the fourth Atomic Spectrometry Update (ASU) to focus specifically on developments in elemental speciation and covers a period of approximately 12 months from January 2011. The International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) has evaluated speciation and provided a definition as follows: “speciation analysis is the analytical activity of identifying and/or measuring the quantities of one or more individual chemical species in a sample; the chemical species are specific forms of an element defined as to isotopic composition, electronic or oxidation state, and/or complex or molecular structure; the speciation of an element is the distribution of an element amongst defined chemical species in a system.” This review therefore deals with all aspects of the analytical speciation methods developed for: the determination of oxidation states; organometallic compounds; coordination compounds; metal and heteroatom-containing biomolecules, including metalloproteins, proteins, peptides and amino acids; and the use of metal-tagging to facilitate detection via atomic spectrometry. The review does not cover operationally defined ‘speciation’, which is correctly termed fractionation. As with all ASU reviews1–6 the coverage of the topic is confined to those methods that incorporate atomic spectrometry as the measurement technique. However, in the spirit of meeting the needs of the subject, material is incorporated that is not strictly “atomic spectrometry” but the separation or sample introduction technique used could also be coupled with an atomic spectrometry detector. For the most part, such procedures are those in which some form of molecular MS is used for speciation measurements. As the content of this Update shows, the field is now maturing as evidenced by the extent to which the speciation of particular elements or technique combinations have been the subject of review articles. However, it is becoming increasingly difficult to ascertain the analytical details of the methodologies applied in speciation analysis, particularly where the paper is published in an ‘application’ based journal.
73 citations
TL;DR: Results show that Se at higher exposure levels would significantly inhibit the absorption and transportation of Hg when Hg(2+) levels are higher than 1mg/L in culture media, and elemental imaging using μ-SRXRF shows that Se could inhibit the accumulation and translocation of HG in garlic.
70 citations
TL;DR: Exposure to a mixture of ubiquitous chemicals at concentrations found in human amniotic fluid affect thyroid hormone-dependent transcription, gene expression, brain development and behaviour in early embryogenesis, suggesting that ubiquitous chemical mixtures could be exerting adverse effects on foetal human brain development.
Abstract: Thyroid hormones are essential for normal brain development in vertebrates. In humans, abnormal maternal thyroid hormone levels during early pregnancy are associated with decreased offspring IQ and modified brain structure. As numerous environmental chemicals disrupt thyroid hormone signalling, we questioned whether exposure to ubiquitous chemicals affects thyroid hormone responses during early neurogenesis. We established a mixture of 15 common chemicals at concentrations reported in human amniotic fluid. An in vivo larval reporter (GFP) assay served to determine integrated thyroid hormone transcriptional responses. Dose-dependent effects of short-term (72 h) exposure to single chemicals and the mixture were found. qPCR on dissected brains showed significant changes in thyroid hormone-related genes including receptors, deiodinases and neural differentiation markers. Further, exposure to mixture also modified neural proliferation as well as neuron and oligodendrocyte size. Finally, exposed tadpoles showed behavioural responses with dose-dependent reductions in mobility. In conclusion, exposure to a mixture of ubiquitous chemicals at concentrations found in human amniotic fluid affect thyroid hormone-dependent transcription, gene expression, brain development and behaviour in early embryogenesis. As thyroid hormone signalling is strongly conserved across vertebrates the results suggest that ubiquitous chemical mixtures could be exerting adverse effects on foetal human brain development.
48 citations
TL;DR: Results demonstrated that CFL manufacturing activities resulted in THg accumulation in the hair of CFL workers, however, MeHg in hair were mainly affected by the sources of rice of the residents.
41 citations
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TL;DR: Hg and Se near-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy of erythrocytes, plasma, and bile of rabbits that had been injected with solutions of sodium selenite and mercuric chloride showed that HG and Se in plasma samples exhibited X-rays that were essentially identical to those of the synthetic Hg-Se-S species.
Abstract: Mercuric chloride toxicity in mammals can be overcome by co-administration of sodium selenite We report a study of the mutual detoxification product in rabbit plasma, and of a Hg-Se-S-containing species synthesized by addition of equimolar mercuric chloride and sodium selenite to aqueous, buffered glutathione Chromatographic purification of this Hg-Se-S species and subsequent structural analysis by Se and Hg extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy revealed the presence of four-coordinate Se and Hg entities separated by 261 A Hg and Se near-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy of erythrocytes, plasma, and bile of rabbits that had been injected with solutions of sodium selenite and mercuric chloride showed that Hg and Se in plasma samples exhibited X-ray absorption spectra that were essentially identical to those of the synthetic Hg-Se-S species Thus, the molecular detoxification product of sodium selenite and mercuric chloride in rabbits exhibits similarities to the synthetic Hg-Se-S species The underlying molecular mechanism for the formation of the Hg-Se-S species is discussed
163 citations
TL;DR: Confirmation of thimerosal as an environmental agent in autism pathogenesis has important societal and patient implications.
118 citations
TL;DR: The significance of hair analysis as a biological indicator of abnormal intake of trace elements in man is confirmed andGeographical, geochemical, racial and nutritional aspects of inter-group variations of trace element concentrations are discussed.
78 citations
TL;DR: The local structures of the metal sites in copper metallothionein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been investigated by x-ray absorption spectroscopy at the copper and sulfur K edges and support a model for the copper cluster in yeast metallothsionein consisting of a Cu8S12 core.
77 citations
TL;DR: Results suggested that MeHg bound to albumin accumulated in the kidney predominantly via some non-filtrating peritubular mechanism, and localized in renal cytosolic compartment as its glutathione- and protein-bound forms.
Abstract: To elucidate the mechanisms by which methyl-mercury (MeHg) is eliminated from organisms, male C57BL/6N mice were orally administered with MeHg chloride (5 mg/kg) and the chemical forms of its metabolites in plasma, urine and kidney were determined by column chromatographic analysis Orally administered MeHg rapidly entered the circulation, accumulated in the kidney and other tissues, and was slowly excreted in the urine Ultrafiltration and gel filtration analysis revealed that most of plasma MeHg was accounted for by its albumin conjugate Cell fractionation analysis revealed that about 80% of renal MeHg was recovered from the 15,000 g supernatant fraction of the kidney homogenate If the kidney was homogenized in the presence of serine-borate complex, a potent inhibitor of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (gamma-GTP), about 50% of the MeHg in the supernatant fraction was recovered as its glutathione S-conjugate while the rest was bound to cytosolic protein(s) The major part of urinary MeHg was accounted for by its cysteine conjugate However, urinary excretion of its glutathione conjugate increased significantly if animals were pretreated with acivicin, an affinity labeling reagent for gamma-GTP These and other results suggested that MeHg bound to albumin accumulated in the kidney predominantly via some non-filtrating peritubular mechanism, and localized in renal cytosolic compartment as its glutathione- and protein-bound forms The glutathione S-conjugate of MeHg in the tubule cells might be transferred to the lumenal space, hydrolyzed to the cysteine S-conjugate, and then excreted in urine These sequential events might constitute an important eliminatory pathway for a hazardous mercurial metabolite in mice
75 citations