Mesoporous silica nanoparticles in biomedical applications
TL;DR: This tutorial review provides an outlook on nanomaterials that are currently being used for theranostic purposes, with a special focus on mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSNP) based materials.
Abstract: This tutorial review provides an outlook on nanomaterials that are currently being used for theranostic purposes, with a special focus on mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSNP) based materials. MSNPs with large surface area and pore volume can serve as efficient carriers for various therapeutic agents. The functionalization of MSNPs with molecular, supramolecular or polymer moieties, provides the material with great versatility while performing drug delivery tasks, which makes the delivery process highly controllable. This emerging area at the interface of chemistry and the life sciences offers a broad palette of opportunities for researchers with interests ranging from sol–gel science, the fabrication of nanomaterials, supramolecular chemistry, controllable drug delivery and targeted theranostics in biology and medicine.
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TL;DR: This review highlights the most recent research progress on silica-based controlled drug delivery systems, including pure mesoporous silica sustained-release systems, magnetism and/or luminescence functionalized mesoporus silica systems which integrate targeting and tracking abilities of drug molecules.
Abstract: In the past decade, non-invasive and biocompatible mesoporous silica materials as efficient drug delivery systems have attracted special attention. Great progress in structure control and functionalization (magnetism and luminescence) design has been achieved for biotechnological and biomedical applications. This review highlights the most recent research progress on silica-based controlled drug delivery systems, including: (i) pure mesoporous silica sustained-release systems, (ii) magnetism and/or luminescence functionalized mesoporous silica systems which integrate targeting and tracking abilities of drug molecules, and (iii) stimuli-responsive controlled release systems which are able to respond to environmental changes, such as pH, redox potential, temperature, photoirradiation, and biomolecules. Although encouraging and potential developments have been achieved, design and mass production of novel multifunctional carriers, some practical biological application, such as biodistribution, the acute and chronic toxicities, long-term stability, circulation properties and targeting efficacy in vivo are still challenging.
1,233 citations
TL;DR: Different synthesis methodologies to prepare well-dispersed MSNs and hollow silica nanoparticles with tunable dimensions with good potential for use in high-performance catalysis, antireflection coating, transparent polymer-MSNs nanocomposites, drug-release and theranostic systems are discussed.
Abstract: Good control of the morphology, particle size, uniformity and dispersity of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) is of increasing importance to their use in catalyst, adsorption, polymer filler, optical devices, bio-imaging, drug delivery, and biomedical applications. This review discusses different synthesis methodologies to prepare well-dispersed MSNs and hollow silica nanoparticles (HSNs) with tunable dimensions ranging from a few to hundreds of nanometers of different mesostructures. The methods include fast self-assembly, soft and hard templating, a modified Stober method, dissolving–reconstruction and modified aerogel approaches. In practical applications, the MSNs prepared by these methods demonstrate good potential for use in high-performance catalysis, antireflection coating, transparent polymer–MSNs nanocomposites, drug-release and theranostic systems.
1,180 citations
TL;DR: This work presents a new generation of high-performance liquid chromatography platforms for selective separation of Na6(CO3) from Na4(SO4) through Na2SO4 and shows real-world applications in drug discovery and treatment of central nervous system disorders.
Abstract: Diagnostics and Therapy Guanying Chen,‡,† Indrajit Roy,†,§ Chunhui Yang,*,‡ and Paras N. Prasad*,† †Institute for Lasers, Photonics, and Biophotonics and Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States ‡School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
1,123 citations
TL;DR: This tutorial review is intended to provide an introduction to newcomers about how chemical and bioconjugate reactions transform the surface of nanomaterials and accordingly formulate them for applications such as biosensing, bioimaging, drug and gene delivery, chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy.
Abstract: As prepared nanomaterials of metals, semiconductors, polymers and carbon often need surface modifications such as ligand exchange, and chemical and bioconjugate reactions for various biosensor, bioanalytical, bioimaging, drug delivery and therapeutic applications. Such surface modifications help us to control the physico-chemical, toxicological and pharmacological properties of nanomaterials. Furthermore, introduction of various reactive functional groups on the surface of nanomaterials allows us to conjugate a spectrum of contrast agents, antibodies, peptides, ligands, drugs and genes, and construct multifunctional and hybrid nanomaterials for the targeted imaging and treatment of cancers. This tutorial review is intended to provide an introduction to newcomers about how chemical and bioconjugate reactions transform the surface of nanomaterials such as silica nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, gold quantum clusters, semiconductor quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, fullerene and graphene, and accordingly formulate them for applications such as biosensing, bioimaging, drug and gene delivery, chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy. Nonetheless, controversial reports and our growing concerns about toxicity and pharmacokinetics of nanomaterials suggest the need for not only rigorous in vivo experiments in animal models but also novel nanomaterials for practical applications in the clinical settings. Further reading of original and review articles cited herein is necessary to buildup in-depth knowledge about the chemistry, bioconjugate chemistry and biological applications of individual nanomaterials.
931 citations
TL;DR: Host−Guest Supramolecular Chemistry A 1.1.1: Aims to explore the role of “ghostly” particles in the determination of chiral stationary phases and their role in the “spatially modified” states.
Abstract: 1. Host−Guest Supramolecular Chemistry A 1.
863 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this paper, the synthesis of mesoporous inorganic solids from calcination of aluminosilicate gels in the presence of surfactants is described, in which the silicate material forms inorganic walls between ordered surfactant micelles.
Abstract: MICROPOROUS and mesoporous inorganic solids (with pore diameters of ≤20 A and ∼20–500 A respectively)1 have found great utility as catalysts and sorption media because of their large internal surface area. Typical microporous materials are the crystalline framework solids, such as zeolites2, but the largest pore dimensions found so far are ∼10–12 A for some metallophosphates3–5 and ∼14 A for the mineral cacoxenite6. Examples of mesoporous solids include silicas7 and modified layered materials8–11, but these are invariably amorphous or paracrystalline, with pores that are irregularly spaced and broadly distributed in size8,12. Pore size can be controlled by intercalation of layered silicates with a surfactant species9,13, but the final product retains, in part, the layered nature of the precursor material. Here we report the synthesis of mesoporous solids from the calcination of aluminosilicate gels in the presence of surfactants. The material14,15 possesses regular arrays of uniform channels, the dimensions of which can be tailored (in the range 16 A to 100 A or more) through the choice of surfactant, auxiliary chemicals and reaction conditions. We propose that the formation of these materials takes place by means of a liquid-crystal 'templating' mechanism, in which the silicate material forms inorganic walls between ordered surfactant micelles.
15,125 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a system of chemical reactions has been developed which permits the controlled growth of spherical silica particles of uniform size by means of hydrolysis of alkyl silicates and subsequent condensation of silicic acid in alcoholic solutions.
12,884 citations
TL;DR: The arsenal of nanocarriers and molecules available for selective tumour targeting, and the challenges in cancer treatment are detailed and emphasized.
Abstract: Nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize cancer diagnosis and therapy. Advances in protein engineering and materials science have contributed to novel nanoscale targeting approaches that may bring new hope to cancer patients. Several therapeutic nanocarriers have been approved for clinical use. However, to date, there are only a few clinically approved nanocarriers that incorporate molecules to selectively bind and target cancer cells. This review examines some of the approved formulations and discusses the challenges in translating basic research to the clinic. We detail the arsenal of nanocarriers and molecules available for selective tumour targeting, and emphasize the challenges in cancer treatment.
7,443 citations
TL;DR: Nanomaterials have unique physicochemical properties, such as ultra small size, large surface area to mass ratio, and high reactivity, which are different from bulk materials of the same composition, which can be used to overcome some of the limitations found in traditional therapeutic and diagnostic agents.
Abstract: Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter generally in the 1-100 nm dimension range. The application of nanotechnology to medicine, known as nanomedicine, concerns the use of precisely engineered materials at this length scale to develop novel therapeutic and diagnostic modalities. Nanomaterials have unique physicochemical properties, such as ultra small size, large surface area to mass ratio, and high reactivity, which are different from bulk materials of the same composition. These properties can be used to overcome some of the limitations found in traditional therapeutic and diagnostic agents.
2,202 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new application of MCM-41 mesoporous materials has been developed, where two kinds of surfactants, C16TAB and C12TAB, have been employed to get different pore sizes.
Abstract: A new application of MCM-41 mesoporous materials has been developed. Two kinds of surfactants, C16TAB and C12TAB, have been employed to get different pore sizes. The samples were disk-shaped conformed before and after charging with ibuprofen, an anti-inflammatory drug. In all the cases the weight percent ratio of drug/MCM-41 was 30%. The drug release plots show a different behavior depending on the method for charging the drug in the material but not on the employed surfactant.
1,955 citations