Journal ArticleDOI
Metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease.
Ajay K. Singh,Jameela A. Kari +1 more
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TLDR
Despite the strong association of MetS with CKD, a causal relationship has not been proven and more studies are needed to precisely elucidate the mechanisms that might lead upstream factors such as insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia and inflammation to cause renal fibrosis.Abstract:
Purpose of review The association of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) with cardiovascular risk, mortality, type 2 diabetes mellitus, stroke, nonfatty liver disease and gout is well known. However, the association of the MetS with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is now emerging. This review discusses the epidemiology, pathology and potential mechanisms for the relationship of MetS with CKD. Recent findings Studies show that patients with MetS have a 2.5-fold higher risk of developing CKD. The risk of microalbuminuria is also increased two-fold in the MetS. Renal dysfunction becomes apparent long before the appearance of hypertension or diabetes in MetS. Compared with healthy controls, patients with MetS have increased microvascular disease-tubular atrophy, interstitial fibrosis, arterial sclerosis and global and segmental sclerosis. Studies suggest that the renal fibrosis seen in MetS might be caused by a constellation of insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemias and inflammation, and result in a heightened expression of adipocytokines, angiotensin and inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Summary Despite the strong association of MetS with CKD, a causal relationship has not been proven. More studies are needed to precisely elucidate the mechanisms that might lead upstream factors such as insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia and inflammation to cause renal fibrosis.read more
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Evolving importance of kidney disease: from subspecialty to global health burden
Kai-Uwe Eckardt,Josef Coresh,Olivier Devuyst,Richard J. Johnson,Anna Köttgen,Andrew S. Levey,Adeera Levin +6 more
TL;DR: Strong, graded, and consistent associations exist between clinical prognosis and two hallmarks of chronic kidney disease: reduced glomerular filtration rate and increased urinary albumin excretion.
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Cardiovascular consequences of metabolic syndrome
TL;DR: The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined as the concurrence of obesity-associated cardiovascular risk factors including abdominal obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, decreased HDL cholesterol, and/or hypertension.
Cardiovascular consequences of metabolic syndrome
TL;DR: Current knowledge regarding the pathophysiological consequences of obesity and the MetS on cardiovascular function and disease is highlighted, including considerations of potential physiological and molecular mechanisms that may contribute to these adverse outcomes.
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Alkaline phosphatase: a novel treatment target for cardiovascular disease in CKD
Mathias Haarhaus,Mathias Haarhaus,Vincent Brandenburg,Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh,Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh,Peter Stenvinkel,Per Magnusson +6 more
TL;DR: Novel mechanisms that link ALP to vascular calcification, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction in kidney and cardiovascular diseases are reviewed and new drugs that target ALP are discussed, which have the potential to improve cardiovascular outcomes without inhibiting skeletal mineralization.
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Obesity and kidney disease: potential mechanisms.
Christopher Wickman,Holly Kramer +1 more
TL;DR: Obesity remains the number one preventable risk factor for chronic kidney disease because obesity largely mediates diabetes and hypertension, the 2 most common etiologies for end-stage kidney disease.
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