Book•
Metal Matrix Composites
02 Aug 1972-
TL;DR: In this article, important techniques to process metal matrix composites are described, then the interface region and its characteristics, properties of different metal matrix composite composites, and finally, the authors summarize different applications of metal matrices composites.
Abstract: Metal matrix composites consist of a metal or an alloy as the continuous matrix and a reinforcement that can be particle, short fiber or whisker, or continuous fiber. In this chapter, we first describe important techniques to process metal matrix composites, then we describe the interface region and its characteristics, properties of different metal matrix composites, and finally, we summarize different applications of metal matrix composites.
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TL;DR: In this article, a ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite is formed by contacting a molten aluminum-magnesium alloy with a permeable mass of ceramic material in the presence of a gas comprising from about 10 to 100% nitrogen, by volume, balance non-oxidizing gas, e.g., hydrogen or argon.
Abstract: A ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composite is formed by contacting a molten aluminum-magnesium alloy with a permeable mass of ceramic material in the presence of a gas comprising from about 10 to 100% nitrogen, by volume, balance non-oxidizing gas, e.g., hydrogen or argon. Under these conditions, the molten alloy spontaneously infiltrates the ceramic mass under normal atmospheric pressures. A solid body of the alloy can be placed adjacent a permeable bedding of ceramic material, and brought to the molten state, preferably to at least about 700° C., in order to form the aluminum matrix composite by infiltration. In addition to magnesium, auxiliary alloying elements may be employed with aluminum. The resulting composite products may contain a discontinuous aluminum nitride phase in the aluminum matrix and/or an aluminum nitride external surface layer.
443 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of the literature relevant to each step in 3D printing implementation, including powder formulation, method selection, binder formulation and testing, printing process specification, and post-processing specification.
396 citations
Cites background from "Metal Matrix Composites"
...material (for example, carbon coated with a ceramic) so only the coating comes in contact with the infiltrant [78]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a 1.0-wt.% graphene reinforced aluminum 6061 (Al6061) composite was synthesized to investigate the effects of graphene dispersion by ball milling technique.
Abstract: A 1.0 wt.% graphene reinforced aluminum 6061 (Al6061) composite was synthesized to investigate the effects of graphene dispersion by ball milling technique. The Al6061 powder and graphene were ball milled at different milling times. The composites were then synthesized by hot compaction in the semi-solid regime of the Al6061. A three point bending test was performed to characterize the mechanical properties of the composite. The ball milled powder and the fracture surfaces of the composites were analyzed using the scanning electron microscopy. A maximum enhancement of 47% in flexural strength was observed when compared with the reference Al6061 processed at the same condition.
340 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the feasibility and viability of developing low cost-high performance hybrid composites for automotive and aerospace applications is investigated, and the fabrication characteristics and mechanical behavior of hybrid aluminum matrix composites fabricated by stir casting route have also been reviewed.
Abstract: Hybrid aluminum matrix composites (HAMCs) are the second generation of composites that have potential to substitute single reinforced composites due to improved properties. This paper investigates the feasibility and viability of developing low cost-high performance hybrid composites for automotive and aerospace applications. Further, the fabrication characteristics and mechanical behavior of HAMCs fabricated by stir casting route have also been reviewed. The optical micrographs of the HAMCs indicate that the reinforcing particles are fairly distributed in the matrix alloy and the porosity levels have been found to be acceptable for the casted composites. The density, hardness, tensile behavior and fracture toughness of these composites have been found to be either comparable or superior to the ceramic reinforced composites. It has been observed from the literature that the direct strengthening of composites occurs due to the presence of hard ceramic phase, while the indirect strengthening arises from the thermal mismatch between the matrix alloy and reinforcing phase during solidification. Based on the database for material properties, the application area of HAMCs has been proposed in the present review. It has been concluded that the hybrid composites offer more flexibility and reliability in the design of possible components depending upon the reinforcement's combination and composition.
307 citations
284 citations
References
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16 Sep 1992
TL;DR: The design process engineering materials and their properties materials selection charts materials selection without shape selection of material and shape materials processing and design sources of material property data materials, aesthetics and industrial design forces for change case studies as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The design process engineering materials and their properties materials selection charts materials selection without shape selection of material and shape materials processing and design sources of material property data materials, aesthetics and industrial design forces for change case studies.
2,975 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the breaking strength of tungsten or molybdenum wires, uniaxially aligned in a copper matrix, was found to be a linear function of the wire content.
Abstract: T ensile tests at a variety of temperatures have been carried out on composites consisting of tungsten or molybdenum wires, uniaxially aligned in a copper matrix. Both continuous and discontinuous wires have been used, and both brittle and ductile tungsten wires. It is found that the breaking strength is a linear function of the wire content. A simple theory to explain this is developed and auxiliary experiments to check the theory are described. Some simple predictions about the behaviour of fibre reinforced metals are made from the results.
2,122 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the current status of particle reinforced metal matrix composites is reviewed and the different types of reinforcement being used, together with the alternative processing methods, are discussed, and different factors have to be taken into consideration to produce a high quality billet.
Abstract: Particle reinforced metal matrix composites are now being produced commerically, and in this paper the current status of these materials is reviewed. The different types of reinforcement being used, together with the alternative processing methods, are discussed. Depending on the initial processing method, different factors have to be taken into consideration to produce a high quality billet. With powder metallurgy processing, the composition of the matrix and the type of reinforcement are independent of one another. However, in molten metal processing they are intimately linked in terms of the different reactivities which occur between reinforcement and matrix in the molten state. The factors controlling the distribution of reinforcement are also dependent on the initial processing method. Secondary fabrication methods, such as extrusion and rolling, are essential in processing composites produced by powder metallurgy, since they are required to consolidate the composite fully. Other methods, suc...
1,961 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1993TL;DR: In this article, the Eshelby approach is used to model composites and a program for calculating the S-tensors of a composite model is presented, along with a list of programs for an Eshelbys calculation.
Abstract: Preface 1. General introduction 2. Basic composite models 3. The Eshelby approach to modelling composites 4. Plastic deformation 5. Thermal effects and high temperature behaviour 6. The interfacial region 7. Fracture processes and failure mechanisms 8. Transport properties and environmental performance 9. Fabrication processes 10. Development of matrix microstructure 11. Testing and characterisation techniques 12. Applications Appendix 1. Nomenclature Appendix 2. Matrices and reinforcements - selected thermophysical properties Appendix 3. The basic Eshelby S-tensors Appendix 4. Listing of a program for an Eshelby calculation.
1,826 citations
TL;DR: The physical and mechanical properties that can be obtained with metal matrix composites (MMCs) have made them attractive candidate materials for aerospace, automotive and numerous other applications as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The physical and mechanical properties that can be obtained with metal matrix composites (MMCs) have made them attractive candidate materials for aerospace, automotive and numerous other applications. More recently, particulate reinforced MMCs have attracted considerable attention as a result of their relatively low costs and characteristic isotropic properties. Reinforcement materials include carbides, nitrides and oxides. In an effort to optimize the structure and properties of particulate reinforced MMCs various processing techniques have evolved over the last 20 years. The processing methods utilized to manufacture particulate reinforced MMCs can be grouped depending on the temperature of the metallic matrix during processing. Accordingly, the processes can be classified into three categories: (a) liquid phase processes, (b) solid state processes, and (c) two phase (solid-liquid) processes. Regarding physical properties, strengthening in metal matrix composites has been related to dislocations of a very high density in the matrix originating from differential thermal contraction, geometrical constraints and plastic deformation during processing.
1,624 citations