Book•
Metal pollution in the aquatic environment
01 Jan 1979-
TL;DR: This significant book provides not only an introduction to the dynamics of aquatic chem istries but also identifies those materials that jeopardize the resources of both the marine and fluvial domains.
Abstract: Aquatic chemistry is becoming both a rewarding and substantial area of inquiry and is drawing many prominent scientists to its fold. Its literature has changed from a compilation of compositional tables to studies of the chemical reactions occurring within the aquatic environments. But more than this is the recognition that human society in part is determining the nature of aquatic systems. Since rivers deliver to the world ocean most of its dissolved and particulate components, the interactions of these two sets of waters determine the vitality of our coastal waters. This significant vol ume provides not only an introduction to the dynamics of aquatic chem istries but also identifies those materials that jeopardize the resources of both the marine and fluvial domains. Its very title provides its emphasis but clearly not its breadth in considering natural processes. The book will be of great value to those environmental scientists who are dedicated to keeping the resources of the hydrosphere renewable. As the size of the world population becomes larger in the near future and as the uses of materials and energy show parallel increases, the rivers and oceans must be considered as a resource to accept some of the wastes of society. The ability of these waters and the sediments below them to accommodate wastes must be assessed continually. The key questions relate to the capacities of aqueous systems to carry one or more pollutants."
Citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a view of the literature revealed that bioaccumulation of silver in soil is rather low, even if the soil is amended with silver-containing sewage sludge.
Abstract: A eview of the literature revealed that bioaccumulation of silver in soil is rather low, even if the soil is amended with silver-containing sewage sludge. Plants grown on tailings of silver mines were found to have silver primarily in the root systems. In marine and freshwater systems, the highest reported bioconcentration factors (BCFs) were observed in algae (>105), probably because of adsorption of the dissolved silver (<0.45 μm fraction) to the cell surface. In herbivorous organisms (e.g., zooplankton and bivalves), the BCF was lower by about two orders of magnitude. Low amounts of silver were assimilated from food with no substantial biomagnification. In carnivores (e.g., fish), the BCF was also lower by one order of magnitude with no indication of biomagnification. Toxicity of silver occurs mainly in the aqueous phase and depends on the concentration of active, free Ag+ ions. Accordingly, many processes and water characteristics reduce silver toxicity by stopping the formation of free Ag+, binding Ag+, or preventing binding of Ag+ to the reactive surfaces of organisms. The solubility of a silver compound, and the presence of complexing agents (e.g., thiosulfate or chloride), dissolved organic carbon, and competing ions are important. In soil, sewage sludge, and sediments, in which silver sulfide predominates, the toxicity of silver, even at high total concentrations, is very low. The highly soluble silver thiosulfate complex has low toxicity, which can be attributed to the silver complexed by thiosulfate. Silver nitrate is one of the most toxic silver compounds. The toxic potential of silver chloride complexes in seawater is and will be an important issue for investigation. Aquatic chronic tests, long-term tests, and tests including sensitive life stages show lower toxicity thresholds (˜1 μg Ag+/L). The organisms viewed as most sensitive to silver are small aquatic invertebrates, particularly embryonic and larval stages.
1,077 citations
Additional excerpts
...Here the colloidal binding, decreasing with increasing salinity [20], is replaced by complex binding with chloride, which keeps a substantial part of the silver molecule in solution....
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TL;DR: This review provides an analysis of the current state in the field of nickel, a metal whose use is widening in modern technologies, and its known health related effects.
Abstract: The increasing utilization of heavy metals in modern industries leads to an increase in the environmental burden. Nickel represents a good example of a metal whose use is widening in modern technologies. As the result of accelerated consumption of nickel-containing products nickel compounds are released to the environment at all stages of production and utilization. Their accumulation in the environment may represent a serious hazard to human health. Among the known health related effects of nickel are skin allergies, lung fibrosis, variable degrees of kidney and cardiovascular system poisoning and stimulation of neoplastic transformation. The mechanism of the latter effect is not known and is the subject of detailed investigation. This review provides an analysis of the current state in the field.
978 citations
Cites background from "Metal pollution in the aquatic envi..."
...Several authors have estimated the daily dietary intake of nickel as 35 [11], 100–300 [19], or 25–35 g [20], and the daily intake is more than triple the daily requirement....
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...Divalent nickel is the predominate form of nickel in aquatic sources [11]....
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...[11] Förstner V, Wittmann GTW....
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...Due to its abundance natural nickel deficiency does not occur, moreover a nickel-deficient diet is difficult to maintain because of nickel’s abundance in all types of food [11,12,17,18]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed the aqueous geochemistry of chromium, especially with reference to the recent work of Rai et al. (report EPRI EA-4544, 1986, Report EPRi EA-5741, 1988), and showed that the chromium content of natural waters is generally low whereas rocks exhibit a wide range of Cr concentrations.
834 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used PCA to define background values for metals in the Ria de Vigo area and concluded that the region is slightly to moderately polluted for some of the studied metals.
738 citations
References
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TL;DR: WALKLEY as discussed by the authors presented an extension of the DEGTJAas discussed by the authorsF METHOD for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the CHROMIC ACID TITRATION METHOD.
Abstract: AN EXAMINATION OF THE DEGTJAREFF METHOD FOR DETERMINING SOIL ORGANIC MATTER, AND A PROPOSED MODIFICATION OF THE CHROMIC ACID TITRATION METHOD A. WALKLEY;I. BLACK; Soil Science
17,132 citations
7,335 citations
"Metal pollution in the aquatic envi..." refers background in this paper
...For freshwater systems Jackson (1978) has similar results from lakes in Canada....
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Book•
01 Jan 1957
4,418 citations
"Metal pollution in the aquatic envi..." refers background in this paper
...Hutchinson and his team (1943) and Zilllig (1956) drew attention to a major application of geochemical research in the study of Recent lake sediments....
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TL;DR: In this article, the bicarbonate-buffered Na2S2O4-citrate system was used for removing free iron oxides from latosolic soils, and the least destructive of iron silicate clays.
Abstract: The oxidation potential of dithionite (Na2S2O4) increases from 0.37 V to 0.73 V with increase in pH from 6 to 9, because hydroxyl is consumed during oxidation of dithionite. At the same time the amount of iron oxide dissolved in 15 minutes falls off (from 100 percent to less than 1 percent extracted) with increase in pH from 6 to 12 owing to solubility product relationships of iron oxides. An optimum pH for maximum reaction kinetics occurs at approximately pH 7.3. A buffer is needed to hold the pH at the optimum level because 4 moles of OH are used up in reaction with each mole of Na2S2O4 oxidized. Tests show that NaHCO3 effectively serves as a buffer in this application. Crystalline hematite dissolved in amounts of several hundred milligrams in 2 min. Crystalline goethite dissolved more slowly, but dissolved during the two or three 15 min treatments normally given for iron oxide removal from soils and clays. A series of methods for the extraction of iron oxides from soils and clays was tested with soils high in free iron oxides and with nontronite and other iron-bearing clays. It was found that the bicarbonate-buffered Na2S2O4-citrate system was the most effective in removal of free iron oxides from latosolic soils, and the least destructive of iron silicate clays as indicated by least loss in cation exchange capacity after the iron oxide removal treatment. With soils the decrease was very little but with the very susceptible Woody district nontronite, the decrease was about 17 percent as contrasted to 35–80 percent with other methods.
3,821 citations
"Metal pollution in the aquatic envi..." refers background in this paper
...oH· HCI; 25% v/v Chester and Hughes, 1967 acetic acid Reduction with sodium di- Aguilera and Jackson, 1953; thionite complexing with Holmgren, 1967 sodium citrate 0.1 M NH.oH . HCl; 0.01 M Chao, 1972 nitric acid (a) CO 2 treatment Pa tchineelam, 1975 (b) Exchange columns Deurer et aI., (1978)...
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