Methane Emissions from Paddy Rice Fields: Strategies towards Achieving A Win-Win Sustainability Scenario between Rice Production and Methane Emission Reduction
TL;DR: In this paper, the emissions of methane from Paddy rice fields and the various strategies that can be used to mitigate methane emission while continuing with rice production are reviewed. But, the results from the analysis and reviews shows that globally, South East Asia leads in the global rice production and methane emissions chart.
Abstract: This paper reviews the emissions of methane from Paddy rice fields and the various strategies that can be used to mitigate methane emission while continuing with rice production. The option of setting up a win-win sustainable development approach is based on the fact that rice remains one of the most widely consumed cereals in the world. The paper also seeks to review the emission mechanisms and to illustrate from existing literature that when methane emissions are high under flood conditions (rainy season), there is a reduction in rice output and the reverse is true during periods of less flood. Yet, how can rice be produced without flooding? This paper is mainly a review paper which essentially obtains most of the information by reviewing other studies. The results from the analysis and reviews shows that globally, South East Asia leads in the global rice production and methane emissions chart. During periods of floods emissions are high and this compromises rice yields. The optimum solution to mitigation is based on a synergy of methods and not just on a single method as seen in the review of mitigation strategies.
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TL;DR: This article showed that global temperature has risen well out of the Holocene range and Earth is now as warm as it was during the prior (Eemian) interglacial period, when sea level reached 6-9m higher than today.
Abstract: . Global temperature is a fundamental climate metric highly correlated with sea level, which implies that keeping shorelines near their present location requires keeping global temperature within or close to its preindustrial Holocene range. However, global temperature excluding short-term variability now exceeds +1 °C relative to the 1880–1920 mean and annual 2016 global temperature was almost +1.3 °C. We show that global temperature has risen well out of the Holocene range and Earth is now as warm as it was during the prior (Eemian) interglacial period, when sea level reached 6–9 m higher than today. Further, Earth is out of energy balance with present atmospheric composition, implying that more warming is in the pipeline, and we show that the growth rate of greenhouse gas climate forcing has accelerated markedly in the past decade. The rapidity of ice sheet and sea level response to global temperature is difficult to predict, but is dependent on the magnitude of warming. Targets for limiting global warming thus, at minimum, should aim to avoid leaving global temperature at Eemian or higher levels for centuries. Such targets now require negative emissions , i.e., extraction of CO2 from the air. If phasedown of fossil fuel emissions begins soon, improved agricultural and forestry practices, including reforestation and steps to improve soil fertility and increase its carbon content, may provide much of the necessary CO2 extraction. In that case, the magnitude and duration of global temperature excursion above the natural range of the current interglacial (Holocene) could be limited and irreversible climate impacts could be minimized. In contrast, continued high fossil fuel emissions today place a burden on young people to undertake massive technological CO2 extraction if they are to limit climate change and its consequences. Proposed methods of extraction such as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) or air capture of CO2 have minimal estimated costs of USD 89–535 trillion this century and also have large risks and uncertain feasibility. Continued high fossil fuel emissions unarguably sentences young people to either a massive, implausible cleanup or growing deleterious climate impacts or both.
192 citations
Cites background from "Methane Emissions from Paddy Rice F..."
...Methane emissions from rice agriculture and ruminants potentially could be mitigated by changing rice growing methods (Epule et al., 2011) and inoculating ruminants (Eckard et al....
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TL;DR: This paper showed that global temperature has risen well out of the Holocene range and Earth is now as warm as during the prior interglacial, when sea level reached 6-9 meters higher than today.
Abstract: Global temperature is a fundamental climate metric highly correlated with sea level, which implies that keeping shorelines near their present location requires keeping global temperature within or close to its preindustrial Holocene range. However, global temperature excluding short-term variability now exceeds +1degC relative to the 1880-1920 mean and annual 2016 global temperature was almost +1.3degC. We show that global temperature has risen well out of the Holocene range and Earth is now as warm as during the prior interglacial, when sea level reached 6-9 meters higher than today. Further, Earth is out of energy balance with present atmospheric composition, implying more warming is in the pipeline, and we show that the growth rate of greenhouse gas climate forcing has accelerated markedly in the past decade. The rapidity of ice sheet and sea level response to global temperature is difficult to predict but is dependent on the magnitude of warming. Targets for limiting global warming should aim to avoid leaving global temperature at Eemian or higher levels for centuries. Such targets require "negative emissions", extraction of CO2 from the air. If phasedown of fossil fuel emissions begins soon, improved agricultural and forestry practices may provide much of the extraction, and the magnitude and duration of global temperature excursion above the natural range of the current interglacial could be limited and irreversible impacts minimized. In contrast, continued high emissions place a burden on young people to undertake massive technological CO2 extraction to limit climate change and its consequences. Proposed methods of extraction have minimal estimated costs of 89-535 trillion dollars this century and have large risks and uncertain feasibility. Continued high emissions unarguably sentences young people to a massive, implausible cleanup, growing deleterious climate impacts or both.
130 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of short and long-term adaptation strategies in rain fed and irrigated rice production systems under two climate change scenarios, specifically temperature increases and drought incidence, is presented.
99 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured CH 4 and N 2 O emissions during two cropping seasons in the Philippines from field plots exposed to contrasting treatments during the fallow before land preparation for rice cultivation.
94 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored effective ways to decrease soil CO 2 emission and increase grain yield in upland rice fields in northern Benin in West Africa by using rice straw mulch and nitrogen fertilizer.
Abstract: To explore effective ways to decrease soil CO 2 emission and increase grain yield, field experiments were conducted on two upland rice soils (Lixisols and Gleyic Luvisols) in northern Benin in West Africa. The treatments were two tillage systems (no-tillage, and manual tillage), two rice straw managements (no rice straw, and rice straw mulch at 3 Mg ha −1 ) and three nitrogen fertilizers levels (no nitrogen, recommended level of nitrogen: 60 kg ha −1 , and high level of nitrogen: 120 kg ha −1 ). Potassium and phosphorus fertilizers were applied to be non-limiting at 40 kg K 2 O ha −1 and 40 kg P 2 O 5 ha −1 . Four replications of the twelve treatment combinations were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Soil CO 2 emission, soil moisture and soil temperature were measured at 5 cm depth in 6–10 days intervals during the rainy season and every two weeks during the dry season. Soil moisture was the main factor explaining the seasonal variability of soil CO 2 emission. Much larger soil CO 2 emissions were found in rainy than dry season. No-tillage significantly reduced soil CO 2 emissions compared with manual tillage. Higher soil CO 2 emissions were recorded in the mulched treatments. Soil CO 2 emissions were higher in fertilized treatments compared with non-fertilized treatments. Rice biomass and yield were not significantly different as a function of tillage systems. On the contrary, rice biomass and yield significantly increased with application of rice straw mulch and nitrogen fertilizer. The highest response of rice yield to nitrogen fertilizer addition was obtained for 60 kg N ha −1 in combination with 3 Mg ha −1 of rice straw for the two tillage systems. Soil CO 2 emission per unit grain yield was lower under no-tillage, rice straw mulch and nitrogen fertilizer treatments. No-tillage combined with rice straw mulch and 60 kg N ha −1 could be used by smallholder farmers to achieve higher grain yield and lower soil CO 2 emission in upland rice fields in northern Benin.
64 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, an experiment was conducted with a common paddy crop (Oryza sativa var. Vishnuparag) by amending the soils with different organic manures and bio-fertilizers with a view to find out an inexpensive strategy to mitigate methane emission from the rice fields.
Abstract: Methane is primarily a biogenic gas, which is implicated in global climate change. Among all the sources of methane emission, paddy fields form the most dominant source. An experiment was conducted with a common paddy crop (Oryza sativa var. Vishnuparag) by amending the soils with different organic manures and biofertilizers with a view to find out an inexpensive strategy to mitigate methane emission from the rice-fields. The results revealed that there was a seasonal change in the CH4 flux, registering a peak at heading stage in all treatments. The application of rice straw before flooding and the biofertilizer after flooding enhances CH4 efflux from the rice-fields significantly, while composts of cowdung and leaves did not stimulate CH4 production and, rather, decreased CH4 fluxes. As soil pH and temperature were optimum for methanogenesis, it was likely that the organic C and the redox potential mainly modulated methane production and its emission through rice plants.
22 citations
"Methane Emissions from Paddy Rice F..." refers background in this paper
...This is translated to about 18-280 Teragrams per year (Tg/Y) which is equal to 10-70% of anthropogenic methane (Agnihotris et al., 1998)....
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...This is translated to about 18-280 Teragrams per year (Tg/Y) which is equal to 10-70% of anthropogenic methane (Agnihotris et al., 1998). Aselmann and Crutzen (1989) also set the rate of emission at 60-140Tg of CH4Y....
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...Paddy rice fields now constitute a predominant source of anthropogenic atmospheric methane (CH4) (Agnihotris et al., 1998)....
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