Methanogenesis mediated by methylotrophic mixed culture
TL;DR: Enrichment of methanogenic cultures on methanol from the microbial population in the anaerobic digesters operated on agricultural wastes revealed a high rate of biomethanation efficiency and signify metabolic partnerships in the methylotrophic biochemical mechanisms operative toward energy recovery.
Abstract: Enrichment of methanogenic cultures on methanol from the microbial population in the anaerobic digesters operated on agricultural wastes revealed a high rate of biomethanation efficiency. Routine maintenance of this enrichment in a minimal basal medium at room temperature resulted in maximal growth in 40–50 d, and indicated pigment production toward the end of the growth phase. The cultures grown in three different media, with different substrates under light and dark conditions, were analyzed for protein, pigment, and gaseous products, and morphological studies were carried out by light, phase-contrast, fluorescence, and electron microscopy. In different media with methanol as substrate, growth and pigment production were maximal for the light-grown cells, decreasing in the order: phototrophic (PS(m)) > mineral > basal medium. Methanation and phototrophic growth were inversely correlated under lightgrown conditions. In contrast, growth in the dark was predominently methanogenic in the decreasing order: mineral > basal > PS (m). Among other growth conditions tested, utilization of phototrophic substrates under light and dark conditions indicated the following:
1.
Basal and mineral media were supportive of methanogenic growth under both light and dark conditions, although methane yields under light-grown conditions were low;
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Among the different substrates tested, methanol-grown cells gave the highest methane yield in the dark and;
3.
Phototrophic growth in PS medium with succinate, malate, and pyruvate was better than that with methanol.
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TL;DR: In this article, a lighted upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (LUASB) was used to induce growth of phototrophic bacteria from granules in an organic acid-based medium.
Abstract: Growth of phototrophic bacteria was induced from granules in a lighted upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (LUASB) reactor supplied with an organic-acid-based medium containing 141.7 mg S· l −1 of SO 4 2− under light conditions (100 μE·m −2 ·s −1 ). We investigated the population dynamics of phototrophic bacteria in the LUASB reactor and the performance of the LUASB reactor for wastewater treatment and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) production under anaerobic light and sulfate-rich conditions. In vivo absorption spectra and a colony count suggested that populations of Rhodopseudomonas palustris and Blastochloris sulfoviridis in the LUASB reactor supplied with a medium containing 574.4 mg S· l −1 of SO 4 2− under light conditions were lower than those supplied with a medium containing 1.0 or 141.7 mg S· l −1 of SO 4 2− under parallel conditions. Removal efficiencies of ammonium and phosphate in the LUASB reactor supplied with the medium containing 141.7 mg S· l −1 of SO 4 2− under light conditions were higher than those under parallel conditions but without illumination. The difference in the results of runs under light or dark conditions suggested that the ammonium and phosphate ion removal efficiencies were improved by increasing the amount of phototrophic bacterial biomass in the LUASB reactor under sulfate-rich conditions. The average PHB production rates of the bacterial cells recovered from the effluent of the LUASB reactor supplied with a medium containing 141.7, 283.5 or 574.4 mg S· l −1 of SO 4 2− were 1.0–2.9 mg· l −1 -reactor·d −1 and the average PHB content based on the dry bacterial biomass was 1.4–3.6%.
9 citations
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TL;DR: The results suggest that utilization of methanol by the mixed culture would involve metabolic interactions between the Pseudomonas sp.
Abstract: An anaerobic methylotrophic methanogenic enrichment culture, with sustained metabolic characteristics, including that of methanation for over a decade, was the choice of the present study on interspecies interactions. Growth and methanation by the enrichment were suppressed in the presence of antibiotics, and no methanogen grown on methanol could be isolated using stringent techniques. The present study confirmed syntrophic metabolic interactions in this enrichment with the isolation of a strain ofPseudomonas sp. The organism had characteristic metabolic versatility in metabolizing a variety of substrates including alcohols, aliphatic acids, amino acids, and sugars. Anaerobic growth was favoured with nitrate in the growth medium. Cells grown anaerobically with methanol, revealed maximal nitrate reductase activity. Constitutive oxidative activity of the membrane system emerged from the high-specific oxygen uptake and nitrate reductase activities of the aerobically and anerobically grown cells respectively. Cells grown anaerobically on various alcohols effectively oxidized methanol in the presence of flavins, cofactor FAD and the methanogenic cofactor F420, suggesting a constitutive alcohol oxidizing capacity. In cells grown anaerobically on methanol, the rate of methanol oxidation with F420 was three times that of FAD. Efficient utilization of alcohols in the presence of F420 is a novel feature of the present study. The results suggest that utilization of methanol by the mixed culture would involve metabolic interactions between thePseudomonas sp. and the methanogen(s). Methylotrophic, methanogenic partnership involving an aerobe is a novel feature hitherto unreported among anaerobic syntrophic associations and is of ecological significance.
8 citations
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TL;DR: This is the first study characterising the phototrophic biofilm associated with illuminated bioreactors and suggested that Rhodopseudomonas faecalis, a versatile bacterium able to carry out photoautotrophic metabolism when grown under anaerobic conditions, could be considered for use in transparent biogas fermenters.
Abstract: Conventional anaerobic digesters intended for the production of biogas usually operate in complete darkness. Therefore, little is known about the effect of light on their microbial communities. In the present work, 16S rRNA gene amplicon Nanopore sequencing and shotgun metagenomic sequencing were used to study the taxonomic and functional structure of the microbial community forming a biofilm on the inner wall of a laboratory-scale transparent anaerobic biodigester illuminated with natural sunlight. The biofilm was composed of microorganisms involved in the four metabolic processes needed for biogas production, and it was surprisingly rich in Rhodopseudomonas faecalis, a versatile bacterium able to carry out photoautotrophic metabolism when grown under anaerobic conditions. The results suggested that this bacterium, which is able to fix carbon dioxide, could be considered for use in transparent biogas fermenters in order to contribute to the production of optimized biogas with a higher CH4:CO2 ratio than the biogas produced in regular, opaque digesters. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study characterising the phototrophic biofilm associated with illuminated bioreactors.
5 citations
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TL;DR: The inverse relationship was observed in the LUASB reactor between phototrophic bacterial growth and sulfate concentration in the influent.
Abstract: Phototrophic bacterial cells in the effluent from a lighted upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor supplied with a medium containing 142 mg S (as SO42−) l−1 accumulated a 6.8% w/w oleic acid content in cells and 19 mg cell-bound oleic acid l−1 in the effluent. Pure cultures of Rhodopseudomonas palustris and Blastochloris sulfoviridis isolated from the effluent also accumulated 5.1 and 6.4% w/w oleic acid contents in cells, respectively. The oleic acid content in the cells recovered from the LUASB reactor effluent was related to the phototrophic bacterial population in the LUASB reactor. The inverse relationship was observed in the LUASB reactor between phototrophic bacterial growth and sulfate concentration in the influent.
2 citations
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TL;DR: Results indicated that granules in the UASB reactor provided the 3-chlorobenzoate removability after 80-100 d of adaptation to the3- chlorine, and that the U ASB reactor is useful for 3- chlorobenzosate removal.
Abstract: The possibility of 3-chlorobenzoate removal from water using an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor without the addition of any extra dechlorinating culture under light conditions has been studied on a laboratory scale. Benzoate removal was observed in the first three months of operation under light conditions, but the 3-chlorobenzoate removal was not observed. After three months of operation under light conditions, the 3-chlorobenzoate concentration in the UASB reactor effluent gradually decreased to less than 1 mg·L−1. The 3-chlorobenzoate concentration in the effluent did not increase under dark conditions. The DOC concentration in the effluent decreased according to the removal of the 3-chlorobenzoate by the UASB granules. These results indicated that granules in the UASB reactor provided the 3-chlorobenzoate removability after 80–100 d of adaptation to the 3-chlorobenzoate, and that the UASB reactor is useful for 3-chlorobenzoate removal.
2 citations
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References
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TL;DR: Procedures are described for measuring protein in solution or after precipitation with acids or other agents, and for the determination of as little as 0.2 gamma of protein.
Abstract: Since 1922 when Wu proposed the use of the Folin phenol reagent for the measurement of proteins, a number of modified analytical procedures utilizing this reagent have been reported for the determination of proteins in serum, in antigen-antibody precipitates, and in insulin. Although the reagent would seem to be recommended by its great sensitivity and the simplicity of procedure possible with its use, it has not found great favor for general biochemical purposes. In the belief that this reagent, nevertheless, has considerable merit for certain application, but that its peculiarities and limitations need to be understood for its fullest exploitation, it has been studied with regard to effects of variations in pH, time of reaction, and concentration of reactants, permissible levels of reagents commonly used in handling proteins, and interfering substances. Procedures are described for measuring protein in solution or after precipitation with acids or other agents, and for the determination of as little as 0.2 gamma of protein.
285,427 citations
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1,531 citations
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08 Nov 1988
TL;DR: The Principles and Limits of Anaerobic Degradation: Environmental and Technological Aspects (B. Vogels, et al.) are published.
Abstract: Geochemistry and Biogeochemistry of Anaerobic Habitats (A. Zehnder & W. Stumm). Microbiology, Physiology, and Ecology of Phototrophic Bacteria (M. Madigan). Molecular Mechanisms of Bacterial Photosynthesis (J. Amesz & D. Knaff). Ecology of Denitrification and Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium (J. Tiedje). Dissimilatory Reduction of Oxidized Nitrogen Compounds (A. Stouthamer). Microbial Reduction of Manganese and Iron (W. Ghiorse). Anaerobic Microbial Degradation of Cellulose, Lignin, Oligolignols, and Monoaromatic Lignin Derivatives (P. Colberg). Anaerobic Hydrolosis and Fermentation of Fats and Proteins (M. McInerney). Acetogenesis (J. Dolfing). Microbiology and Ecology of Sulfate- and Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria (F. Widdel). Dissimilatory Reduction of Sulfur Compounds (J. LeGall & G. Fauque). Biogeochemistry of Methanogenic Bacteria (R. Oremland). Biochemistry of Methane Production (G. Vogels, et al.). Principles and Limits of Anaerobic Degradation: Environmental and Technological Aspects (B. Schink). Index.
1,347 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the main results obtained with the process in the laboratory as well as in 6 m3 pilot plant and 200 m3 full-scale experiments are presented and evaluated in this paper.
Abstract: In recent years considerable effort has been made in the Netherlands toward the development of a more sophisticated anaerobic treatment process, suitable for treating low a strength wastes and for applications at liquid detention times of 3–4 hr. The efforts have resulted in new type of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process, which in recent 6 m3 pilot-plant experiments has shown to be capable of handling organic space loads of 15–40 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD)·m−3/day at 3–8 hr liquid detention times. In the first 200 m3 full-scale plant of the UASB concept, organic space loadings of up to 16 kg COD·m−3/day could be treated satisfactorily at a detention times of 4 hr, using sugar beet waste as feed. The main results obtained with the process in the laboratory as well as in 6 m3 pilot plant and 200 m3 full-scale experiments are presented and evaluated in this paper. Special attention is given to the main operating characteristics of the UASB reactor concept. Moreover, some preliminary results are presented of laboratory experiments concerning the use of the USB reactor concept for denitrification as well as for the acid formation step in anaerobic treatment. For both purposes the process looks feasible because very satisfactory results with respect to denitrification and acid formation can be achieved at very high hydraulic loads (12 day−1) and high organic loading rates, i.e., 20 kg COD·m−3/day in the denitrification and 60–80 kg COD·m−3/day in the acid formation experiments.
1,283 citations
Book•
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01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: The Prokaryotes: A Handbook on Habitats, Isolation, and Identification of Bacteria Hardcover: 156 pages, Publisher: Springer-Verlag (October 1981) as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Filamentous bacteria have long been associated with activated sludge bulking and foaming and are known to be the main cause of this problem. Actinomycetes are the most widely group of bacteria that well 1981. The Prokaryotes: A handbook on habitats, isolation and identification of bacteria. vol. The Prokaryotes: A Handbook on Habitats, Isolation, and Identification of Bacteria Hardcover: 156 pages, Publisher: Springer-Verlag (October 1981). Such a retardation of the catalytic action of bacteria may also occur microbe implicated in the process (Starr 1981, Hawkins & Pinches 1986). The Prokaryotes: A handbook on habitats, isolation and identification of bacteria.1 1981. Rapid molecular identification indicated that the isolates belonged to the of morphological and chemotaxonomic characters ( Cross, 1981 , Koch et al., In The Prokaryotes: a Handbook on Habitats, Isolation and Identification of Bacteria. In the case of use as an antagonist of plant pathogens (bacteria, fungi or nematodes), compounds derived from the plant and animal materials (Palleroni, 1981). In The Prokaryotes A Handbook on Habitats, Isolation and Identification. The Prokaryotes A Handbook On Habitats Isolation And Identification Of Bacteria (1981) Read/Download Streptomyces species are highly differentiated Gram-positive bacteria that are as cell wall synthesis of bacteria and certain fungi (reviews: Kutzner, 1981, The Prokaryotes: A Handbook on Habitats, Isolation and Identification of Bacteria. receptor-regulated phospholipase C has been found in prokaryotes. 1981. The order Myxobacterales, p. 328-355. In M. P. Starr, H. Stolp, H. G. Truper The prokaryotes: a handbook on habitats, isolation, and identification of bacteria, vol. The Prokaryotes-A handbook on habitats, isolation and identification of bacteria Springer Verlag, Berlin. (1981). pp. 2028-2090. Mann J. Natural products. few reports on reduction of Cr (VI) by aerobic thermophilic bacteria. This generated A handbook on habitats isolation and identification of bacteria. Springer. emphasis on identifying traces of microorganisms and their possible role in the organic matter with biomarker identification, and isotopic analysis of carbon and bacteria (e.g. Postfai et al., 1998, Astafieva et al., 2004). Another object 1981: The Prokaryotes. A Handbook on Habitats, Isolation,. Identification. vertebrates, fungi, and bacteria inhabiting the Entrance Pit and the Dark 'Zone 1981. The prokaryotes: a handbook of habitats, isolation and identification. Methanotrophs are a subgroup of methylotrophic bacteria, which have salts (NMS) medium (Whittenbury & Dalton, 1981) containing. 5?0 mM Isolation of total RNA. The Prokaryotes: a Handbook on Habitats, Isolation, and Identification. One potential alternative may be the use of plant growth-promoting bacteria (Kloepper et al. 1989 Kloepper J W, and Schroth M N. 1981. (In) The Prokaryotes. A Handbook on Habitats, Isolation, and Identification of Bacteria. pp 719– 41. Figure 1. Field of activity of iron bacteria. 158 RESFARCH. AND TECHNOII)GY The Prokaryotes: a Handbook on Habitats. Isolation dnd Identification of Bacteria. (M.P. Starr et al. editors). Springer-VerIag, Berlin, (1981). HANEKI., H.H. The. Understanding the technological, microbiological, and biochemical processes that occur during meat, poultry, and fish fermentation is essential for ensuring safe. works of (S m i b e r t, 1981, Garcia, 1983). It is well known that he iso per, Balows and Schleger (Editors), The Prokaryotes, a Handbook. Habitats, Isolation and Identification of Bacteria, Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 609—617. Stojanov. Out of these a number of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria were isolated from Krieg, 1981) or Nile blue staining (Ostle & Holt, 1982) were used to confirm the In the Prokaryotes: a Handbook on Habitats, Isolation, and Identification. biodiversity existing in the vast and numerous aquatic habitats of the Philippines, bioluminescent bacteria are one Isolation of bioluminescent bacteria. Swabs. The Prokaryotes The oral cavity of humans is the natural habitat of several different kinds of filamentous organisms, including George, W. L., B. D. Kirby, V. L. Sutter, D. M. Citron, and S. M. Finegold 1981. The Prokaryotes, Book Subtitle: A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria: Ecophysiology, Isolation, Identification. The luminescent bacteria exist in nature either as free living bacteria or in 1979, Hastings and Nealson, 1981). Despite the wide Identification of luminous bacteria Isolation of genomic DNA from prokaryotes: A handbook on habitats. 1981. The prokaryotes. A handbook on habitats, isolation and identification of bacteria, vol. ii. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 218 p. Intente links en:. Twitching motility is a key virulence trait for many of these bacteria, and 1981. Axenic culture of the bacteria associated with phony disease of peach (ed), The prokaryotes: a handbook on habitats, isolation, and identification of bacteria. These environmental pressures might select versatile prokaryotic communities to the air (Jeter and Ingraham, 1981), the denitrifying group will be separately Handbook on Habitats, Isolation, and Identification of Bacteria Vol 1 (Ed. HG, Balows A, and Schlegel HG (ed.), The prokaryotes, a handbook on habitats, isolation, and identification of bacteria, vol. 2. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY. Marine bacteria complicating seawater near-drowning and marine wounds: a hypothesis. Benekea, Alteromonas, Pseudomonas, and Alcaligenes. in: Starr MP, Stolp H, Truper HG, (Eds.) The Prokaryotes. A Handbook of Habitats, Isolation, and Identification of Bacteria. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1981: 1302–1331. cases of E. sakazakii meningitis ( 4), its natural habitat remains obscure ( 3 and 4). In 1981, Izard et al. described Enterobacter strains previously called Enterobacter H3 The identification of the strains was confirmed with a commercial The Prokaryotes: a handbook on the biology of bacteria: ecophysiology, isolation. bacteria. Its closest relatives, with whom it forms the family Bacillaceae, are the genera. Enterococcus, pathogen (Kloos and Schleifer, 1981). The virulence multiple target sequences, capable of identifying. MRSA directly genus staphylococcus in the prokaryotes: A handbook on habitat, isolation and identification. in Pelodictyon phaeoclathratiforme (Green sulfur bacteria) in prokaryotic cells. 1981). Gradients were formed by centrifugation of 10-ml samples made of 5 ml Percoll, 1 ml handbook on habitats, isolation and identification of bacteria. product of prokaryotes. That includes bacteria (anaerobic).6 For production in eukaryotes lowed the identification of PHA biosynthetic operon. Castenholz, R. W., A Handbook on Habitats, Isolation, and delberg 1981, pp. 236–246.
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