Method for solving the Korteweg-deVries equation
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for solving the initial value problem of the Korteweg-deVries equation is presented which is applicable to initial data that approach a constant sufficiently rapidly as
Abstract: A method for solving the initial-value problem of the Korteweg-deVries equation is presented which is applicable to initial data that approach a constant sufficiently rapidly as $|x|\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$. The method can be used to predict exactly the "solitons," or solitary waves, which emerge from arbitrary initial conditions. Solutions that describe any finite number of solitons in interaction can be expressed in closed form.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrate the mechanism for a universal instability, the Arnold diffusion, which occurs in the oscillating systems having more than two degrees of freedom, which results in an irregular, or stochastic, motion of the system as if the latter were influenced by a random perturbation even though, in fact, the motion is governed by purely dynamical equations.
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TL;DR: In this article, a systematic method is developed which allows one to identify certain important classes of evolution equations which can be solved by the method of inverse scattering, where the form of each evolution equation is characterized by the dispersion relation of its associated linearized version and an integro-differential operator.
Abstract: A systematic method is developed which allows one to identify certain important classes of evolution equations which can be solved by the method of inverse scattering The form of each evolution equation is characterized by the dispersion relation of its associated linearized version and an integro-differential operator A comprehensive presentation of the inverse scattering method is given and general features of the solution are discussed The relationship of the scattering theory and Backlund transformations is brought out In view of the role of the dispersion relation, the comparatively simple asymptotic states, and the similarity of the method itself to Fourier transforms, this theory can be considered a natural extension of Fourier analysis to nonlinear problems
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01 Jan 1968
TL;DR: In this article, a general principle for associating nonlinear equations evolutions with linear operators so that the eigenvalues of the linear operator integrals of the nonlinear equation can be found is presented, where the main tool used is the first remarkable series of integrals discovered by Kruskal and Zabusky.
Abstract: In Section 1 we present a general principle for associating nonlinear equations evolutions with linear operators so that the eigenvalues of the linear operator integrals of the nonlinear equation. A striking instance of such a procedure discovery by Gardner, Miura and Kruskal that the eigenvalues of the Schrodinger operator are integrals of the Korteweg-de Vries equation.
In Section 2 we prove the simplest case of a conjecture of Kruskal and Zabusky concerning the existence of double wave solutions of the Korteweg-de Vries equation, i.e., of solutions which for |I| large behave as the superposition of two solitary waves travelling at different speeds. The main tool used is the first of remarkable series of integrals discovered by Kruskal and Zabusky.
2,124 citations
TL;DR: The general properties of the factorized S-matrix in two-dimensional space-time are considered in this article, where the relation between the factorization property of the scattering theory and the infinite number of conservation laws of the underlying field theory is discussed.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied mathematical models for the unidirectional propagation of long waves in systems that manifest nonlinear and dispersive effects of a particular but common kind.
Abstract: Several topics are studied concerning mathematical models for the unidirectional propagation of long waves in systems that manifest nonlinear and dispersive effects of a particular but common kind. Most of the new material presented relates to the initial-value problem for the equation u$\_{t}$ + u$\_{x}$ + uu$\_{x}$ - u$\_{xxt}$ = 0, (a) whose solution u(x,t) is considered in a class of real nonperiodic functions defined for -$\infty $ < x < $\infty $, t $\geq $ 0. As an approximation derived for moderately long waves of small but finite amplitude in particular physical systems, this equation has the same formal justification as the Korteweg-de Vries equation u$\_{t}$ + u$\_{x}$ + uu$\_{x}$ + u$\_{xxx}$ = 0, (b) with which (a) is to be compared in various ways. It is contended that (a) is in important respects the preferable model, obviating certain problematical aspects of (b) and generally having more expedient mathematical properties. The paper divides into two parts where respectively the emphasis is on descriptive and on rigorous mathematics. In section 2 the origins and immediate properties of equations (a) and (b) are discussed in general terms, and the comparative shortcomings of (b) are reviewed. In the remainder of the paper (section section 3, 4) - which can be read independently of the preceding discussion - an exact theory of (a) is developed. In section 3 3 the existence of classical solutions is proved; and following our main result, theorem 1, several extensions and sidelights are presented. In section 4 solutions are shown to be unique, to depend continuously on their initial values, and also to depend continuously on forcing functions added to the right-hand side of (a). Thus the initial-value problem is confirmed to be classically well set in the Hadamard sense. In appendix 1 a generalization of (a) is considered, in which dispersive effects within a wide class are represented by an abstract pseudo-differential operator. The physical origins of such an equation are explained in the style of section 2, two examples are given deriving from definite physical problems, and an existence theory is outlined. In appendix 2 a technical fact used in section 3 is established.
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