Methods for the analysis of azo dyes employed in food industry--A review.
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of various analytical techniques used in the analysis of azo dyes employed in food industries of different parts of the world is presented.
About: This article is published in Food Chemistry.The article was published on 2016-02-01. It has received 263 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Food industry.
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20 Jul 2021
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive review of the various types of adsorbents such as commercial activated carbon, metal oxide-based, carbon based, metal-organic framework, and polymer-based adhesives used in dye remediation of contaminated water is presented.
Abstract: The rapid increase in toxic dye wastewater generated from various industries remains a severe public health issue and prime environmental protection concern, posing a major challenge to existing conventional water treatment systems. Consequently, various physicochemical and biological treatment processes have been studied, which exhibit varying removal abilities depending on their experimental constraints. Among them, adsorption is considered to be the most efficient due to its high removal efficiency, easy operation, cost-effectiveness, and recyclability of the adsorbents. Considering this, the present review article focused on presenting a comprehensive summary of the various types of adsorbents such as commercial activated carbon, metal oxide-based, carbon-based, metal–organic framework, and polymer-based adsorbents used in dye remediation of contaminated water. The effects of several critical factors such as initial dye concentration, solution pH, temperature, and adsorbent dose on the dye adsorption performance are also described. In addition, the adsorption mechanisms responsible for dye removal are explained based on electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, surface complexation, and π–π interactions. Finally, critiques, future perspectives, and a summary of the present article are given. Various adsorbents such as carbon-based materials, metal oxides, bio-adsorbents, and polymer-based materials, have been shown to be efficient for the removal of dye pollutants from wastewater. Thus, it is anticipated that dye removal by adsorption can provide a feasible solution for the treatment of dye-laden water.
283 citations
TL;DR: Insight is provided into synthesis approaches and structural properties of recent reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes which are used to retain dissolved species such as heavy metals, electrolytes, and inorganic salts in various aqueous solutions.
Abstract: Sustainable and affordable supply of clean, safe, and adequate water is one of the most challenging issues facing the world. Membrane separation technology is one of the most cost-effective and widely applied technologies for water purification. Polymeric membranes such as cellulose-based (CA) membranes and thin-film composite (TFC) membranes have dominated the industry since 1980. Although further development of polymeric membranes for better performance is laborious, the research findings and sustained progress in inorganic membrane development have grown fast and solve some remaining problems. In addition to conventional ceramic metal oxide membranes, membranes prepared by graphene oxide (GO), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and mixed matrix materials (MMMs) have attracted enormous attention due to their desirable properties such as tunable pore structure, excellent chemical, mechanical, and thermal tolerance, good salt rejection and/or high water permeability. This review provides insight into synthesis approaches and structural properties of recent reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes which are used to retain dissolved species such as heavy metals, electrolytes, and inorganic salts in various aqueous solutions. A specific focus has been placed on introducing and comparing water purification performance of different classes of polymeric and ceramic membranes in related water treatment industries. Furthermore, the development challenges and research opportunities of organic and inorganic membranes are discussed and the further perspectives are analyzed.
279 citations
TL;DR: Scientific and technical information about dyes & dye intermediates and biodegradation of azo dye is provided and role of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in process of dye degradation and perspectives in this field of research are compiled.
251 citations
Cites background from "Methods for the analysis of azo dye..."
...Azo dyes contain azo bond (–N]N–) and belong to class of heterocyclic and aromatic compounds, they have been reported as cacinogenic compounds (Sen et al., 2016; Yamjala et al., 2016)....
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...Benzidine is generally used in construction of direct azo dyes and has been reported as potential carcinogen (Dewan et al., 1988; Ali, 2010; Sen et al., 2016)....
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...N]N–) and belong to class of heterocyclic and aromatic compounds, they have been reported as cacinogenic compounds (Sen et al., 2016; Yamjala et al., 2016)....
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...It has been reported that dyes which have benzidine as a base is highly carcinogenic as compared to the dyes without Benzidine (Yamjala et al., 2016)....
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TL;DR: This work described the degradation of three commercial model dyes Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 (CBB), Indigo Carmine (IC) and Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) under different culture media and operational conditions.
216 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the analysis of azo dyes in food samples in terms of carbon nanomaterials used, like carbon nanotubes (CNT) and graphene (Gr).
200 citations
References
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TL;DR: The chemical structure of many mutagenic azo dyes was reviewed, and it was found that the biologically active dyes are mainly limited to those compounds containing p-phenylenediamine and benzidine moieties.
Abstract: Azo dyes are extensively used in textile, printing, leather, paper making, drug and food industries. Following oral exposure, azo dyes are metabolized to aromatic amines by intestinal microflora or liver azoreductases. Aromatic amines are further metabolized to genotoxic compounds by mammalian microsomal enzymes. Many of these aromatic amines are mutagenic in the Ames Salmonella/microsomal assay system. The chemical structure of many mutagenic azo dyes was reviewed, and we found that the biologically active dyes are mainly limited to those compounds containing p-phenylenediamine and benzidine moieties. It was found that for the phenylenediamine moiety, methylation or substitution of a nitro group for an amino group does not decrease mutagenicity. However, sulfonation, carboxylation, deamination, or substitution of an ethyl alcohol or an acetyl group for the hydrogen in the amino groups leads to a decrease in the mutagenic activity. For the benzidine moiety, methylation, methoxylation, halogenation or substitution of an acetyl group for hydrogen in the amino group does not affect mutagenicity, but complexation with copper ions diminishes mutagenicity. The mutagenicity of benzidine or its derivatives is also decreased when in the form of a hydrochloride salt with only one exception. Mutagenicity of azo dyes can, therefore, be predicted by these structure-activity relationships.
465 citations
TL;DR: The reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method was applied to the determination of colorants in various water-soluble foods, such as fruit flavoured drinks, alcoholic drinks, jams, sugar confectionery and sweets, with simple pre-treatment (dilution or water extraction).
311 citations
TL;DR: Forty synthetic food colors were determined in drinks and candies by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection by reversing the phases of detection and quantitation and the recoveries ranged from 76.6 to 115.0%.
269 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that these food colorants had a toxic potential to human lymphocytes in vitro and it seems that they bind directly to DNA.
254 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an overview of the state of development of analytical procedures for the determination of such azo dyes, which are banned by the European Commission, can be found.
Abstract: Azo dyes, extensively used for coloring a variety of consumer goods, such as leather, clothes, food, and toys, can under certain conditions be reduced to form confirmed or suspected carcinogenic aromatic amines. This article gives an overview of the state of development of analytical procedures for the determination of such azo dyes, which are banned by the European Commission.
237 citations