Proceedings Article•
METHONTOLOGY: From Ontological Art Towards Ontological Engineering
01 Mar 1997-
TL;DR: The goal of this paper is to clarify to readers interested in building ontologies from scratch, the activities they should perform and in which order, as well as the set of techniques to be used in each phase of the methodology.
Abstract: This paper does not pretend either to transform completely the ontological art in engineering or to enumerate exhaustively the complete set of works that has been reported in this area. Its goal is to clarify to readers interested in building ontologies from scratch, the activities they should perform and in which order, as well as the set of techniques to be used in each phase of the methodology. This paper only presents a set of activities that conform the ontology developmentp rocess, a life cycle to build ontologies based in evolving prototypes, and METHONTOLOGY, a well-structured methodology used to build ontologies from scratch. This paper gathers the experience of the authors on building an ontology in the domain of chemicals.
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01 Jul 2003
TL;DR: This paper reviews and compares the main methodologies, tools and languages for building ontologies that have been reported in the literature, as well as the main relationships among them.
Abstract: In this paper we review and compare the main methodologies, tools and languages for building ontologies that have been reported in the literature, as well as the main relationships among them. Ontology technology is nowadays mature enough: many methodologies, tools and languages are already available. The future work in this field should be driven towards the creation of a common integrated workbench for ontology developers to facilitate ontology development, exchange, evaluation, evolution and management, to provide methodological support for these tasks, and translations to and from different ontology languages. This workbench should not be created from scratch, but instead integrating the technology components that are currently available.
794 citations
Cites background from "METHONTOLOGY: From Ontological Art ..."
...First, we will briefly comment on some definitions of the term ontology....
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TL;DR: The historical events that lead to the interweaving of data and knowledge are tracked to help improve knowledge and understanding of the world around us.
Abstract: In this paper we provide a comprehensive introduction to knowledge graphs,
which have recently garnered significant attention from both industry and
academia in scenarios that require exploiting diverse, dynamic, large-scale
collections of data. After some opening remarks, we motivate and contrast
various graph-based data models and query languages that are used for knowledge
graphs. We discuss the roles of schema, identity, and context in knowledge
graphs. We explain how knowledge can be represented and extracted using a
combination of deductive and inductive techniques. We summarise methods for the
creation, enrichment, quality assessment, refinement, and publication of
knowledge graphs. We provide an overview of prominent open knowledge graphs and
enterprise knowledge graphs, their applications, and how they use the
aforementioned techniques. We conclude with high-level future research
directions for knowledge graphs.
560 citations
Cites background or methods from "METHONTOLOGY: From Ontological Art ..."
...The natural way to define meet in our scenario is as the intersection of sets of days, where, for example, applying meet on the event annotation {[150, 152]} and the flight annotation {[1, 120], [220, 365]} for Punta Arenas leads to the empty time interval {}, which may thus lead to the city being filtered from the results (depending on the query evaluation semantics)....
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...Early methodologies [150, 194, 365] were often based on a waterfall-like process, where requirements and conceptualisation were fixed before starting to implement the ontology in a logical language, using, for example, an ontology engineering tool [186, 266, 268]....
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...For brevity we use an interval notation, where, for example, {[150, 152]} indicates the set {150, 151, 152}....
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TL;DR: This work presents the experience in using Methontology and ODE to build the chemical ontology and the Ontology Development Environment.
Abstract: Methontology provides guidelines for specifying ontologies at the knowledge level, as a specification of a conceptualization. ODE enables ontology construction, covering the entire life cycle and automatically implementing ontologies. To meet the challenge of building ontologies, we have developed Methontology, a framework for specifying ontologies at the knowledge level, and the Ontology Development Environment. We present our experience in using Methontology and ODE to build the chemical ontology.
523 citations
TL;DR: This work proposes a method, ONTOMETRIC, which allows the users to measure the suitability of existing ontologies, regarding the requirements of their systems.
Abstract: In the last years, the development of ontology-based applications has increased considerably, mainly related to the semantic web. Users currently looking for ontologies in order to incorporate them into their systems, just use their experience and intuition. This makes it difficult for them to justify their choices. Mainly, this is due to the lack of methods that help the user to determine which are the most appropriate ontologies for the new system. To solve this deficiency, the present work proposes a method, ONTOMETRIC, which allows the users to measure the suitability of existing ontologies, regarding the requirements of their systems.
392 citations
Cites methods from "METHONTOLOGY: From Ontological Art ..."
...In 1997, METHONTOLOGY appears (Fernández, 1997), which was extended later (Fernández, 1999a, 2000). It proposes the steps that should be continued to build ontologies, some guides to carry out ontologies reengineering (GómezPérez, 1999b) and ontologies evaluation (Gómez-Pérez, 1999c). Also in 1997, it is presented the methodology used to build domains ontologies from the SENSUS ontology (Swartout, 1997). All these methodologies do not consider the cooperative development of ontologies. The first methodology that includes development aspects in group is Co4 (Euzenat, 1995). A comparative study of some of these methodologies appears in Fernández (1999b). Since 1996 there is an important inc rease in the deve lopment o f technological platforms related with the ontologies....
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References
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TL;DR: This paper outlines a methodology for developing and evaluating ontologies, first discussing informal techniques, concerning such issues as scoping, handling ambiguity, reaching agreement and producing definitions, and considers, a more formal approach.
Abstract: This paper is intended to serve as a comprehensive introduction to the emerging field concerned with the design and use of ontologies. We observe that disparate backgrounds, languages, tools and techniques are a major barrier to effective communication among people, organisations and/or software understanding (i.e. an “ontology”) in a given subject area, can improve such communication, which in turn, can give rise to greater reuse and sharing, inter-operability, and more reliable software. After motivating their need, we clarify just what ontologies are and what purpose they serve. We outline a methodology for developing and evaluating ontologies, first discussing informal techniques, concerning such issues as scoping, handling ambiguity, reaching agreement and producing definitions. We then consider the benefits and describe, a more formal approach. We re-visit the scoping phase, and discuss the role of formal languages and techniques in the specification, implementation and evalution of ontologies. Finally, we review the state of the art and practice in this emerging field, considering various case studies, software tools for ontology development, key research issues and future prospects.
3,568 citations
"METHONTOLOGY: From Ontological Art ..." refers methods in this paper
...The Enterprise ontology has been specified in natural language and the TOVE ontology using a set of competence questions (Uschold & Gruninger 1996)....
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...…approaches in building ontologies have been reported by Uschold in the Enterprise ontology, Gruninger in the TOVE project, both in the domain of enterprise modeling (Uschold & Gruninger 1996), and G6mez-P~rez and colleagues in the domain of chemicals (G6mez-P~rez, Fem~dez, & De Vicente 1996)....
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01 Jan 1970
TL;DR: I have had various assignments during the past years, mostly concerned with the development of software packages for spacecraft mission planning, commanding and post-flight analysis, and I have become prejudiced by my experiences and is going to relate some of these prejudices in this presentation.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION l am going to describe my pe,-.~onal views about managing large software developments. I have had various assignments during the past nit,.: years, mostly concerned with the development of software packages for spacecraft mission planning, commanding and post-flight analysis. In these assignments I have experienced different degrees of successwith respect to arriving at an operational state, on-time, and wi th in costs. I have become prejudiced by my experiences and I am going to relate some of these prejudices in this presentation.
2,139 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1953
TL;DR: A survey of sampling principles can be found in this paper, where the authors present sample designs for some common sampling problems such as bias and non-sampling errors in survey results.
Abstract: An Elementary Survey of Sampling Principles. Biases and Nonsampling Errors in Survey Results. Sample Designs for Some Common Sampling Problems. Simple Random Sampling. Stratified Random Sampling. Simple One-- or Two--Stage Cluster Sampling. Stratified Single or Multi--Stage Cluster Sampling. Control of Variation in Size of Cluster in Estimating Totals, Averages, or Ratios. Multi--Stage Sampling with Large Primary Sampling Units. Estimating Variances. Regression Estimates, Double Sampling, Sampling for Time Series, Systematic Sampling, and Other Sampling Methods. Case Studies--Designs and Results of Some Actual Sample Surveys. Appendix. Index.
1,785 citations
Proceedings Article•
01 Jan 1996TL;DR: A suite of principles, designs criteria and verification process used in the knowledge conceptualization process of a consensuated domain ontology in the domain of chemicals and an approach that integrates the following intermediate representation techniques are presented.
Abstract: This paper presents the suite of principles, designs criteria and verification process used in
the knowledge conceptualization process of a consensuated domain ontology in the domain of
chemicals. To achieve agreement between different development teams we propose the use of
a common and shared conceptual model as starting point. To capture domain knowledge of a
given domain and organize it in a shared and consensuated conceptual model, we recommend
an approach that integrates the following intermediate representation techniques: Data
Dictionary, Concepts Classification Trees, Tables of Instance Attributes, Table of Class
Attributes, Table of Constants, Tables of Formulas, Attributes Classification Trees, and
Tables of Instances. We also provide a set of guidelines to verify the knowledge gathered
inside each intermediate representations and between intermediate representations.
185 citations
TL;DR: The authors were among the participants at an invi-tational conference held in September of 1980 at the Geor-gia State Umiversity to study the topic "Systems Analysis and Design: A Plan for the 80's."
Abstract: The authors were among the participants at an invi-tational conference held in September of 1980 at the Geor-gia State Umiversity to study the topic \"Systems Analysis and Design: A Plan for the 80's.\"(3) We found the conference and workshop stimulating and useful, and we support many of its processes and conclusions. However, we came to the meeting unprepared for the stultifying effect of the organizers' decision to structure the group's work around the concept of a system development life cycle. The life cycle concept as promulgated in preconfer-once mailings was that systems development consists of the following ten steps: i. Organizational analysis 2. Systems evaluation 3. Feasibility analysis 4. Project plan 5. Logical design (produces general design specifications) The body of this paper is printed in the report under the title \"A Minority Dissenting Position.\
175 citations
"METHONTOLOGY: From Ontological Art ..." refers background in this paper
...The incremental life cycle (McCracken & Jackson 1982) solves some problems, allowing the partial specification of the requirements....
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