Methylene blue absorption by clay minerals. determination of surface areas and cation exchange capacities (clay-organic studies xviii)

doi:10.1346/CCMN.1970.0180404

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Methylene blue absorption by clay minerals. determination of surface areas and cation exchange capacities (clay-organic studies xviii)

Journal Article•DOI•

Methylene blue absorption by clay minerals. determination of surface areas and cation exchange capacities (clay-organic studies xviii)

Pham Thi Hang¹•Institutions (1)

Pennsylvania State University¹

01 Aug 1970-Clays and Clay Minerals (Springer Science and Business Media LLC)-Vol. 18, Iss: 4, pp 203-212

TL;DR: In this paper, the surface area and cation exchange capacities of clay minerals can be measured by absorption of methylene blue from aqueous solutions, and the method has been applied to two kaolinites, one illite, and one montmorillonite, all initially saturated with Na + ions.

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Abstract: Under appropriate conditions, both surface areas and cation exchange capacities of clay minerals can be measured by absorption of methylene blue from aqueous solutions. The method has been applied to two kaolinites, one illite, and one montmorillonite, all initially saturated with Na + ions. For Na-montmorillonite, the total area, internal plus external, is measured. For Ca-montmorillo- nite, entry of methylene blue molecules appears to be restricted by the much smaller expansion of the Ca- clay in water. X-ray diffraction data clarify the absorption behavior in Na- and Ca-montmor- illonite, and in particular it is shown that two orientations of the methylene blue molecules are in- volved.

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Laser Scribing of High-Performance and Flexible Graphene-Based Electrochemical Capacitors

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Maher F. El-Kady¹, Maher F. El-Kady², Veronica Strong², Sergey Dubin², Richard B. Kaner² - Show less +1 more•Institutions (2)

Cairo University¹, University of California, Los Angeles²

16 Mar 2012-Science

TL;DR: It is shown that graphite oxide sheets can be converted by infrared laser irradiation into porous graphene sheets that are flexible, robust, and highly conductive, and hold promise for high-power, flexible electronics.

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Abstract: Although electrochemical capacitors (ECs), also known as supercapacitors or ultracapacitors, charge and discharge faster than batteries, they are still limited by low energy densities and slow rate capabilities. We used a standard LightScribe DVD optical drive to do the direct laser reduction of graphite oxide films to graphene. The produced films are mechanically robust, show high electrical conductivity (1738 siemens per meter) and specific surface area (1520 square meters per gram), and can thus be used directly as EC electrodes without the need for binders or current collectors, as is the case for conventional ECs. Devices made with these electrodes exhibit ultrahigh energy density values in different electrolytes while maintaining the high power density and excellent cycle stability of ECs. Moreover, these ECs maintain excellent electrochemical attributes under high mechanical stress and thus hold promise for high-power, flexible electronics.

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3,603 citations

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Nitrogen and Oxygen Dual‐Doped Carbon Hydrogel Film as a Substrate‐Free Electrode for Highly Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction

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Sheng Chen¹, Jingjing Duan¹, Mietek Jaroniec², Shi-Zhang Qiao¹•Institutions (2)

University of Adelaide¹, Kent State University²

01 May 2014-Advanced Materials

TL;DR: A three-dimensional (3D) electrode composed of nitrogen, oxygen dualdoped graphene-carbon nanotube hydrogel film is fabricated, which shows a remarkable oxygen-evolution catalytic performance in both alkaline and acidic solutions.

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Abstract: A three-dimensional (3D) electrode composed of nitrogen, oxygen dualdoped graphene-carbon nanotube hydrogel film is fabricated, which greatly favors the transport and access of gas and reaction intermediates, and shows a remarkable oxygen-evolution catalytic performance in both alkaline and acidic solutions.

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576 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Activated carbon from lignocellulosics precursors: a review of the synthesis methods, characterization techniques and applications.

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P. González-García

01 Feb 2018-Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews

TL;DR: In this paper, a summary of the use of lignocellulosic-based precursors to obtain activated carbon is provided, including physicochemical, micro/nanostructural, surface chemistry, textural and adsorption capacity features.

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Abstract: Activated carbon is a porous material that has been in many important ages of the human history. Lignocellulosic precursors and biomass sources have become important materials to produce it because their use produces many benefits, mainly environmental. Nowadays, it is possible to find numerous research papers devoted to the synthesis characterization and applications of novel precursors to produce activated carbon. Hence, special attention must be given to the relationship among the selected precursor characteristics, the final microstructure and properties of carbon. The present work provides a summary of research works outlining the use of lignocellulosic–based precursors to obtain activated carbons. A brief description of the characterization techniques for both, the precursors and activated carbons, comprising: physicochemical, micro/nanostructural, surface chemistry, textural and adsorption capacity features is presented. Finally, the application of these materials in adsorption of heavy metals, dyes, volatile organic compounds, gas storage and electrochemical capacitors is also included.

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566 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Specific surface: determination and relevance

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J. C. Santamarina, Katherine Klein, Yu-Hsing Wang, E Prencke

01 Feb 2002-Canadian Geotechnical Journal

TL;DR: Specific surface captures the combined effects of particle size and slenderness in a measurement that is independent and complementary to grain-size distribution as mentioned in this paper, which is independent of grain size distribution.

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Abstract: Specific surface captures the combined effects of particle size and slenderness in a measurement that is independent and complementary to grain-size distribution. There are various methods to measu...

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549 citations

Cites background or result from "Methylene blue absorption by clay m..."

...This point should correspond to the end point in the spot test (Hang and Brindley 1970; note that some additional MB may still absorb after this point)....
[...]
...…blue molecule may vary: (i) if the molecule lies on its largest face on the surface under study, the covered area is about 130 Å2 per molecule (Hang and Brindley 1970; Aringhieri et al. 1992; Chen et al. 1999); (ii) if the molecule is tilted (65–70°) with respect to the surface under study,…...
[...]
...Test results show that MB cations replace Na+ more easily than Fe3+ and Al3+, therefore MB yields higher specific surface values for Namontmorillonite compared with Fe-montmorillonite and Almontmorillonite (see Table 3) (Hang and Brindley 1970; Chen et al. 1999)....
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...This molecule may attach to the mineral surface in various orientations, so the area covered by one methylene blue molecule may vary: (i) if the molecule lies on its largest face on the surface under study, the covered area is about 130 Å2 per molecule (Hang and Brindley 1970; Aringhieri et al. 1992; Chen et al. 1999); (ii) if the molecule is tilted (65–70°) with respect to the surface under study, the covered area is about...
[...]
...Methylene blue in aqueous solution is a cationic dye, C16H18N3S +, which absorbs to negatively charged clay surfaces (Hang and Brindley 1970; Chen et al. 1999)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Dye adsorption and decomposition on two-dimensional titanium carbide in aqueous media

[...]

Olha Mashtalir¹, Kevin M. Cook¹, Vadym Mochalin¹, Matthew C. Crowe¹, Michel W. Barsoum¹, Yury Gogotsi¹ - Show less +2 more•Institutions (1)

Drexel University¹

12 Aug 2014-Journal of Materials Chemistry

TL;DR: In this paper, the adsorption and photocatalytic decomposition of organic molecules in aqueous environments containing Ti3C2Tx, a representative of the MXene family, was reported.

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Abstract: Recently a large family of two-dimensional (2D) layered early transition metal carbides and carbonitrides – labelled MXene – possessing metallic conductivity and hydrophilic surfaces was discovered. Herein we report on the adsorption and photocatalytic decomposition of organic molecules in aqueous environments containing Ti3C2Tx, a representative of the MXene family. This material possesses excellent adsorption toward cationic dyes, best described by a Freundlich isotherm. We also found that the material may undergo structural changes in aqueous media.

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529 citations

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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

Physical adsorption of gases

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D. M. Young, A. D. Crowell, Stuart A. Rice

01 Dec 1963-Physics Today

694 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

A spectroscopic study of methylene blue monomer, dimer, and complexes with montmorillonite

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K. Bergmann, C. T. O'Konski

01 Oct 1963-The Journal of Physical Chemistry

542 citations

"Methylene blue absorption by clay m..." refers background in this paper

...Here and elsewhere in the text, "100 g clay" refers to clay dried over-night at 110~ The mixtures were stirred at intervals and left over-night to assure the absorption equilibrium (actually, 1 hr was considered sufficient by Bergmann and O'Konski, 1963)....
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...This measurement is complicated by the dimerization of methylene blue (Bergmann and O'Konski, 1963) when the concentration exceeds about 7 x 10 -6 mole/l, corresponding to an optical density higher than about 0-6....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Polymerization of Dyestuffs in Solution. Thionine and Methylene Blue1

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Eugene Rabinowitch, Leo F. Epstein

01 Jan 1941-Journal of the American Chemical Society

463 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Sorption of aromatic organic compounds by montmorillonite. Part 1.—Orientation studies

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R. Greene-Kelly

01 Jan 1955-Transactions of The Faraday Society

118 citations

"Methylene blue absorption by clay m..." refers background in this paper

...5(b) and agrees with data obtained with many fiat-lying aromatic molecules (Greene-Kelly, 1955, 1956; Haxalre and Bloch, 1956; Van Olphen, 1968)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Adsorption of methylene blue in the determination of surface areas

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J. J. Kipling, R. B. Wilson

04 May 2007-Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology

TL;DR: In this article, the surface area of methylene blue was determined by low-temperature adsorption of nitrogen, and it was shown that the adsorbed methylene green occupied an area of between 102 and 108 square feet.

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Abstract: Data are presented for adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solutions on two non-porous carbons and on a porous activated charcoal. From the specific surface areas of the non-porous carbons (determined by low-temperature adsorption of nitrogen) it is calculated that the adsorbed methylene blue occupies an area of between 102 and 108 sq. A/molecule. These values are compared with those derived from a structural model and with those reported in the literature. It is concluded that this type of adsorption cannot yet be used for accurate determination of surface areas of carbons, nor can it give more than semi-quantitative information when used as a ‘molecular probe’ to investigate the pore structure of porous charcoals.

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97 citations