Microalgae: a sustainable feed source for aquaculture

doi:10.1007/S11274-010-0632-Z

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Microalgae: a sustainable feed source for aquaculture

Journal Article•DOI•

Microalgae: a sustainable feed source for aquaculture

Shanmugam Hemaiswarya¹, Rathinam Raja¹, Rakesh Kumar, V. Ganesan, C. Anbazhagan² - Show less +1 more•Institutions (2)

Indian Institute of Technology Madras¹, Annamalai University²

01 Aug 2011-World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology (Springer Netherlands)-Vol. 27, Iss: 8, pp 1737-1746

TL;DR: In order to attain sustainability in the usage of microalgae, a systems-based approach is required which integrates different fields such as biotechnology, bioprocess and management procedures.

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Abstract: The need for nutritional sources safer than traditional animal products has renewed interest generally in plants and particularly in microalgae. Microalgae have diverse uses in aquaculture, their applications are mainly to provide nutrition and to enhance the colour of the flesh of salmonids. The larvae of molluscs, echinoderms and crustaceans as well as some fish larvae feed on microalgae. Several studies have confirmed that a live multi-specific, low bacterial and microalgal biomass remains essential for shellfish hatcheries. Major advances are expected from new production system, designs and operations from batch run open tanks to more sophisticated continuously-run and closed loop reactors. Currently, studies are underway to examine the cost-effectiveness of the on- and off-site microalgal production systems which can only be achieved by substantial scaling-up and improved quality control. In order to attain sustainability in the usage of microalgae, a systems-based approach is required which integrates different fields such as biotechnology, bioprocess and management procedures.

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Journal Article•DOI•

An overview: biomolecules from microalgae for animal feed and aquaculture

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Zahira Yaakob¹, Ehsan Ali², Afifi Zainal¹, Masita Mohamad¹, Mohd Sobri Takriff¹ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (2)

National University of Malaysia¹, University of the Sciences²

19 May 2014-Journal of Biological Research-thessaloniki

TL;DR: An overview of the contributions of Algae to meet the requirements of nutrients in animal/aquaculture feed is presented and the adequate utilization of value added products in the feeds for livestock, poultry and aquaculture is highlighted.

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Abstract: Despite being more popular for biofuel, microalgae have gained a lot of attention as a source of biomolecules and biomass for feed purposes. Algae farming can be established using land as well as sea and strategies can be designed in order to gain the products of specific interest in the optimal way. A general overview of the contributions of Algae to meet the requirements of nutrients in animal/aquaculture feed is presented in this study. In addition to its applications in animal/aquaculture feed, algae can produce a number of biomolecules including astaxanthin, lutein, beta-carotene, chlorophyll, phycobiliprotein, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs), beta-1,3-glucan, and pharmaceutical and nutraceutical compounds which have been reviewed with respect to their commercial importance and current status. The review is further extended to highlight the adequate utilization of value added products in the feeds for livestock, poultry and aquaculture (with emphasis in shrimp farming).

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347 citations

Cites background from "Microalgae: a sustainable feed sour..."

...Being suitable for aquaculture industry, EPA too has been used as nutritional supplement....
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...Cottin SC, Sanders TA, Hall WL: The differential effects of EPA and DHA on cardiovascular risk factors....
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...A balanced uptake of EPA/AA can prevent eicosanoid dysfunctions and may be effective in treating a number of illnesses and metabolic disorder [59]....
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...EPA is an n-3 PUFA that plays an important role in the regulation of biological functions and prevention and treatment of a number of human diseases such as heart and inflammatory diseases [61]....
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...This increased production was mainly reported in subtropical regions of America (28%, 457 hatcheries) and SE Asia (72%, 3,718 hatcheries) [59]....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Microalgae in aquafeeds for a sustainable aquaculture industry

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Mahfuzur Shah¹, Giovanni Antonio Lutzu², Asraful Alam, Pallab K. Sarker³, M.A. Kabir Chowdhury, Ali Parsaeimehr⁴, Yuanmei Liang¹, Maurycy Daroch¹ - Show less +4 more•Institutions (4)

Peking University¹, Oklahoma State University–Stillwater², Dartmouth College³, Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education⁴

01 Feb 2018-Journal of Applied Phycology

TL;DR: This comprehensive review summarizes the most important and recent developments of microalgae use as supplement or feed additive to replace fishmeal and fish oil for use in aquaculture.

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Abstract: Due to the rapid global expansion of the aquaculture industry, access to key feedstuffs (fishmeal and fish oil) is becoming increasingly limited because of the finite resources available for wild fish harvesting. This has resulted in other sources of feedstuffs being investigated, namely plant origin substitutes for fishmeal and fish oil for aquafeed. Conventional land-based crops have been favored for some applications as substitutes for a portion of the fishmeal, but they can result in changes in the nutritional quality of the fish produced. Microalgae can be regarded as a promising alternative that can replace fishmeal and fish oil and ensure sustainability standards in aquaculture. They have a potential for use in aquaculture as they are sources of protein, lipid, vitamins, minerals, pigments, etc. This comprehensive review summarizes the most important and recent developments of microalgae use as supplement or feed additive to replace fishmeal and fish oil for use in aquaculture. It also reflects the microalgal nutritional quality and digestibility of microalgae-based aquafeed. Simultaneously, safety and regulatory aspects of microalgae feed applications, major challenges on the use microalgae in aquafeed in commercial production, and future research and development perspective are also presented in a critical manner. This review will serve as a useful guide to present current status of knowledge and highlight key areas for future development of a microalgae-based aquafeed industry and overall development of a sustainable aquaculture industry.

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261 citations

Cites background from "Microalgae: a sustainable feed sour..."

...…can grow in a wide range of habitats, some species have several-fold higher biomass production than plants, can divide fast with simple nutritional requirements, can accumulate useful metabolites, and its availability is not dependent on wild fish harvesting for fishmeal (Hemaiswarya et al. 2011)....
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...There are several other advantages such as microalgae can grow in a wide range of habitats, some species have several-fold higher biomass production than plants, can divide fast with simple nutritional requirements, can accumulate useful metabolites, and its availability is not dependent on wild fish harvesting for fishmeal (Hemaiswarya et al. 2011)....
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...A combined effort to standardize a genetically modified microalgae coupled to a controlled bioprocess system will lead to an upliftment in the status of aquaculture (Hemaiswarya et al. 2011)....
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...Several recent reviews (Hemaiswarya et al. 2011; Priyadarshani and Rath 2012; Benemann 2013; Roy and Pal 2014; Yaakob et al. 2014) have indicated high potential for microalgae as a bulk feedstuff for aquaculture feeds....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Development of a rotating algal biofilm growth system for attached microalgae growth with in situ biomass harvest

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Martin Gross¹, Wesley Henry¹, Clayton Michael¹, Zhiyou Wen¹•Institutions (1)

Iowa State University¹

01 Dec 2013-Bioresource Technology

TL;DR: The research shows that the RAB system is an efficient algal culture system for easy biomass harvest with enhanced biomass productivity.

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223 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Heterotrophic/mixotrophic cultivation of oleaginous Chlorella vulgaris on industrial co-products

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Debjani Mitra¹, J. (Hans) van Leeuwen, Buddhi P. Lamsal¹•Institutions (1)

Iowa State University¹

01 May 2012-Algal Research-Biomass Biofuels and Bioproducts

TL;DR: This research highlights the potential of two agro-industrial co-products as microalgal growth media with consequent production of high-value microAlgal oil and biomass.

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Abstract: Among many challenges faced in the commercial cultivation of microalgae, low-cost water and nutrients availability is crucial. Our study aimed at testing and optimizing two agro-industrial co-products, dry-grind ethanol thin stillage (TS) and soy whey (SW), as nutrient feedstock for mixotrophic/heterotrophic microalgal cultivation. Heterotrophic growth of Chlorella vulgaris was first optimized in a Bioscreen turbidimeter and 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks, then scaled up to a 6-L stirred bioreactor. Intracellular oil was extracted from dried microalgal biomass by ultrasonication and solvent extraction treatments for yield comparison, and fatty acid (FA) profile. Biomass yields (dry basis) from TS, SW and modified basal medium (MBM) after 4 days of incubation at mixotrophic conditions in the bioreactor were 9.8, 6.3 and 8.0 g.L− 1 with oil content at 43, 11, and 27% (w/w) respectively. FA profile of oil samples was found to vary and depend on growth media characteristics. C. vulgaris when grown on TS and MBM produced oil richer in linoleic and linolenic acids, respectively. This research highlights the potential of two agro-industrial co-products as microalgal growth media with consequent production of high-value microalgal oil and biomass.

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198 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Mixotrophic cultivation, a preferable microalgae cultivation mode for biomass/bioenergy production, and bioremediation, advances and prospect

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Jiao Zhan¹, Junfeng Rong², Qiang Wang¹•Institutions (2)

Chinese Academy of Sciences¹, Sinopec²

23 Mar 2017-International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

TL;DR: This review compared these growth modes of microalgae and discussed the advantages of mixotrophic mode in bioenergy production by considering the difference in growth, photosynthesis characteristic and bio energy production.

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190 citations

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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

Commercial applications of microalgae

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Pauline Spolaore¹, Claire Joannis-Cassan¹, Elie Duran, Arsène Isambert¹•Institutions (1)

École Centrale Paris¹

01 Feb 2006-Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering

TL;DR: The first use of microalgae by humans dates back 2000 years to the Chinese, who used Nostoc to survive during famine, while future research should focus on the improvement of production systems and the genetic modification of strains.

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3,793 citations

"Microalgae: a sustainable feed sour..." refers background in this paper

...In the year 1999, the production of microalgae for aquaculture reached 1,000 tonnes (62% for molluscs, 21% for shrimps and 16% for fish) (Spolaore et al. 2006; Gagneux-Moreaux et al. 2007)....
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...Successful commercial utilization of microalgae has been established in the production of nutritional supplements, antioxidants, cosmetics, natural dyes and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (Spolaore et al. 2006)....
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...In fact, microalgal astaxanthin has been approved in Japan and Canada as a pigment in salmonid feeds (Spolaore et al. 2006)....
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...Combination of different algal species provides better balanced nutrition and improves animal growth better than a diet composed of only one algal species (Spolaore et al. 2006)....
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...The use of microalgae in fish hatcheries is required for both production of live prey and maintaining the quality of the larvae-rearing medium (Spolaore et al. 2006)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Haematococcus astaxanthin: applications for human health and nutrition

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Martin Guerin, Mark E Huntley, Miguel Olaizola

01 May 2003-Trends in Biotechnology

TL;DR: The research reviewed supports the assumption that protecting body tissues from oxidative damage with daily ingestion of natural astaxanthin might be a practical and beneficial strategy in health management.

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1,361 citations

"Microalgae: a sustainable feed sour..." refers background in this paper

...Today, the biological supply sources for astaxanthin are the yeast, Phaffia rhodozyma (Sanderson and Jolly 1994) despite its low content (0.4%), and compared to the fresh water Chlorophycean, Haematococcus pluvialis containing 5% ( Guerin et al. 2003; Kang and Sim 2008)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Commercial potential for Haematococcus microalgae as a natural source of astaxanthin.

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R. Todd Lorenz, Gerald R. Cysewski

01 Apr 2000-Trends in Biotechnology

TL;DR: Cultivation methods have been developed to produce Haematococcus containing 1.5-3.0% astaxanthin by dry weight, with potential applications as a pigment source in aquaculture, poultry feeds and in the worldwide nutraceutical market.

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1,077 citations

"Microalgae: a sustainable feed sour..." refers background in this paper

...Microalgal pigments transferred to zooplankton may contribute to nutritional value (Lorenz and Cysewski 2000; Gagneux-Moreaux et al. 2007; Raja et al. 2008) and it has been found that dominant pigments in the copepod Temora sp....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Fatty acid and lipid composition of 10 species of microalgae used in mariculture

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John K. Volkman¹, S.W. Jeffrey¹, Peter D. Nichols¹, Glen I. Rogers¹, C. D. Garland² - Show less +1 more•Institutions (2)

Hobart Corporation¹, University of Tasmania²

29 Jun 1989-Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology

TL;DR: Fatty acids were four to six times more abundant than Chl a in most species but triacyglycerols were abundant only in Chaetoceros gracilis, Isochrysis sp.

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1,033 citations

"Microalgae: a sustainable feed sour..." refers background in this paper

...A summary of the proportion of these important PUFAs in 46 strains of microalgae are clearly shown (Volkman et al. 1989; Dunstan et al. 1993)....
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Book•

Handbook of microalgal culture: biotechnology and applied phycology.

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Amos Richmond

01 Jan 2004

TL;DR: Handbook of microalgal culture :biotechnology and applied phycology, Handbook of micro algal culture, اطلاعات رسانی کشاورزی, Â£20,000 (US$30,000)

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Abstract: Handbook of microalgal culture :biotechnology and applied phycology , Handbook of microalgal culture :biotechnology and applied phycology , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

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965 citations

"Microalgae: a sustainable feed sour..." refers background in this paper

...Studies have attempted to correlate the nutritional value of microalgae with their biochemical profile (Richmond 2004; Durmaz 2007)....
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...In the case of sea bream, this condition has become an economic necessity and the reasons behind the positive role of microalgae in the larvae-rearing ponds of fish as well as shrimp have not been completely elucidated (Richmond 2004)....
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