Microalgae and wastewater treatment.
TL;DR: Microalgae cultures offer an elegant solution to tertiary and quandary treatments due to the ability of microalgae to use inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus for their growth, therefore, it does not lead to secondary pollution.
About: This article is published in Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences.The article was published on 2012-07-01 and is currently open access. It has received 1109 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Wastewater & Secondary treatment.
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TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive review including the performance of each technique in treatment of waste and sewage water is presented, including chemical precipitation, carbon adsorption, ion exchange, evaporations and membrane processes.
477 citations
Cites background from "Microalgae and wastewater treatment..."
...Abdel-Raouf [79] Performed extensive review on the role of micro-algae in the treatment of wastewater....
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TL;DR: The results suggest that biodegradation and photodegradation are the most important removal pathways, whereas volatilization and sorption were solely achieved for hydrophobic compounds with a moderately high Henry's law constant values such as musk fragrances.
334 citations
TL;DR: The systematic description of the technologies required for the successful integration of wastewater treatment and cultivation of microalgae for biomass production toward biofuel generation was discussed and the future directions for integrated wastewatertreatment and microalgal biomass production for industrial applications were suggested.
Abstract: Microalgae are a potential source of sustainable biomass feedstock for biofuel generation, and can proliferate under versatile environmental conditions Mass cultivation of microalgae is the most overpriced and technically challenging step in microalgal biofuel generation Wastewater is an available source of the water plus nutrients necessary for algae cultivation Microalgae provide a cost-effective and sustainable means of advanced (waste)water treatment with the simultaneous production of commercially valuable products Microalgae show higher efficiency in nutrient removal than other microorganisms because the nutrients (ammonia, nitrate, phosphate, urea and trace elements) present in various wastewaters are essential for microalgal growth Potential progress in the area of microalgal cultivation coupled with wastewater treatment in open and closed systems has led to an improvement in algal biomass production However, significant efforts are still required for the development and optimization of a coupled system to simultaneously generate biomass and treat wastewater In this review, the systematic description of the technologies required for the successful integration of wastewater treatment and cultivation of microalgae for biomass production toward biofuel generation was discussed It deeply reviews the microalgae-mediated treatment of different wastewaters (including municipal, piggery/swine, industrial, and anaerobic wastewater), and highlight the wastewater characteristics suitable for microalgae cultivation Various pretreatment methods (such as filtration, autoclaving, UV application, and dilution) needed for wastewater prior to its use for microalgae cultivation have been discussed The selection of potential microalgae species that can grow in wastewater and generate a large amount of biomass has been considered Discussion on microalgal cultivation systems (including raceways, photobioreactors, turf scrubbers, and hybrid systems) that use wastewater, evaluating the capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operational expenditures (OPEX) of each system was reported In view of the limitations of recent studies, the future directions for integrated wastewater treatment and microalgae biomass production for industrial applications were suggested
333 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the selection, production and accumulation of target bioenergy carrier's strains and their advantages as well as the technological development for oil, biodiesel, ethanol, methanol, biogas production and GHG mitigation.
330 citations
References
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15 Dec 2005
TL;DR: The U.S. Department of Energy and the United States Department of Agriculture have both strongly committed to expanding the role of biomass as an energy source as mentioned in this paper, and they support biomass fuels and products as a way to reduce the need for oil and gas imports; to support the growth of agriculture, forestry, and rural economies; and to foster major new domestic industries making a variety of fuels, chemicals, and other products.
Abstract: The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) are both strongly committed to expanding the role of biomass as an energy source. In particular, they support biomass fuels and products as a way to reduce the need for oil and gas imports; to support the growth of agriculture, forestry, and rural economies; and to foster major new domestic industries--biorefineries--making a variety of fuels, chemicals, and other products. As part of this effort, the Biomass R&D Technical Advisory Committee, a panel established by the Congress to guide the future direction of federally funded biomass R&D, envisioned a 30 percent replacement of the current U.S. petroleum consumption with biofuels by 2030. Biomass--all plant and plant-derived materials including animal manure, not just starch, sugar, oil crops already used for food and energy--has great potential to provide renewable energy for America's future. Biomass recently surpassed hydropower as the largest domestic source of renewable energy and currently provides over 3 percent of the total energy consumption in the United States. In addition to the many benefits common to renewable energy, biomass is particularly attractive because it is the only current renewable source of liquid transportation fuel. This, of course, makes it invaluable in reducing oil imports--one of our most pressing energy needs. A key question, however, is how large a role could biomass play in responding to the nation's energy demands. Assuming that economic and financial policies and advances in conversion technologies make biomass fuels and products more economically viable, could the biorefinery industry be large enough to have a significant impact on energy supply and oil imports? Any and all contributions are certainly needed, but would the biomass potential be sufficiently large to justify the necessary capital replacements in the fuels and automobile sectors? The purpose of this report is to determine whether the land resources of the United States are capable of producing a sustainable supply of biomass sufficient to displace 30 percent or more of the country's present petroleum consumption--the goal set by the Advisory Committee in their vision for biomass technologies. Accomplishing this goal would require approximately 1 billion dry tons of biomass feedstock per year.
2,637 citations
"Microalgae and wastewater treatment..." refers background in this paper
..., 3 MT/ha yr for soybeans, 9 MT/ha yr for corn, and 10–13 MT/ha yr for switchgrass or hybrid poplars (Perlack et al., 2005)....
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01 Jul 1998
TL;DR: The Aquatic Species Program (ASP) as mentioned in this paper was a relatively small research effort intended to look at the use of aquatic plants as sources of energy, with an emphasis on algae for biodiesel production.
Abstract: The Aquatic Species Program was a relatively small research effort intended to look at the use of aquatic plants as sources of energy. Its history dates back to 1978, but much of the research from 1978 to 1982 focused on using algae to produce hydrogen. The program switched emphasis to other transportation fuels, particularly biodiesel, beginning in the early 1980's. This report summarizes the research activities carried out from 1980 to 1996, with an emphasis on algae for biodiesel production.
1,858 citations
TL;DR: The ability of these CO2 consuming microalgae to purify biogas and concentrate methane is discussed, and anaerobic digestion of the whole biomass appears to be the optimal strategy on an energy balance basis for the energetic recovery of cell biomass.
1,153 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: This book is intended for the wide spectrum of professionals concerned with sanitation and public health and contains twenty eight chapters, each describing the environmental properties of a specific excreted pathogen or group of excreting pathogens and the epidemiology and control of the infections these pathogens cause.
Abstract: Public health is of central importance in the design and implementation of excreta disposal projects, and better health is the main social and economic benefit that planners and economists hope to gain by investing in excreta disposal systems. To achieve this gain as much information as possible is needed about the interactions between excreta and health - information not only about broad epidemiological issues of disease prevention through improved excreta disposal, but also about the effect of particular excreta disposal and reuse technologies on the survival and dissemination of particular pathogens. This book sets out to provide such information for a broad readership. It is intended for the wide spectrum of professionals concerned with sanitation and public health. The book has two parts. Part one, entitled "The Health Hazards of Excreta: Theory and Control," presents a distillation of available knowledge about excreta, night soil, and sewage and their effects on health. Part two, entitled "Environmental Biology and Epidemiology of Specific Excreted Pathogens," contains twenty eight chapters, each describing the environmental properties of a specific excreted pathogen or group of excreted pathogens and the epidemiology and control of the infections these pathogens cause.
917 citations
"Microalgae and wastewater treatment..." refers background in this paper
...Faecal bacterial die-off in ponds increases with both time and temperature (Feachem et al., 1983)....
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Book•
01 Dec 1994
TL;DR: In this article, the use of wetlands and aquatic systems, the treatment of sludges, and other areas in the field of waste management are discussed, as well as current EPA regulations and coverage of small-scale on-site systems.
Abstract: Biologically-based systems for handling waste are gathering international attention as a more reliable, less costly alternative to energy intensive mechanical systems, and are being used by increasing numbers of communities and municipalities. The natural process of waste treatment deals with processing waste and wastewater naturally in streams and the soil. The process in wastewater treatment plants is virtually the same process used in treating the material with bacteria only at a more rapid rate. This results in higher energy consumption and more accumulated sludge than the natural process. This edition features recent advances in the use of wetlands and aquatic systems, the treatment of sludges, and other areas in the field of waste management. It also includes current EPA regulations and coverage of small-scale on-site systems.
887 citations
"Microalgae and wastewater treatment..." refers background in this paper
...Usually the production of biomass was a primary goal with marginal concern for wastewater renovation (Reed, 1987)....
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