Microbial 2,3-butanediol production: A state-of-the-art review
TL;DR: Various strategies for efficient and economical microbial 2,3-butanediol production, including strain improvement, substrate alternation, and process development, are reviewed and compared with regard to their pros and cons.
About: This article is published in Biotechnology Advances.The article was published on 2011-05-01. It has received 592 citations till now.
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TL;DR: In this article, various strategies for the valorisation of waste biomass to platform chemicals, and the underlying developments in chemical and biological catalysis which make this possible, are critically reviewed, and three possible routes for producing a bio-based equivalent of the large volume polymer, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) are delineated.
1,246 citations
TL;DR: It is evident that fermentative production of chemicals and biopolymers via refining of waste and by-product streams is a highly important research area with significant prospects for industrial applications.
Abstract: The transition from a fossil fuel-based economy to a bio-based economy necessitates the exploitation of synergies, scientific innovations and breakthroughs, and step changes in the infrastructure of chemical industry. Sustainable production of chemicals and biopolymers should be dependent entirely on renewable carbon. White biotechnology could provide the necessary tools for the evolution of microbial bioconversion into a key unit operation in future biorefineries. Waste and by-product streams from existing industrial sectors (e.g., food industry, pulp and paper industry, biodiesel and bioethanol production) could be used as renewable resources for both biorefinery development and production of nutrient-complete fermentation feedstocks. This review focuses on the potential of utilizing waste and by-product streams from current industrial activities for the production of chemicals and biopolymers via microbial bioconversion. The first part of this review presents the current status and prospects on fermentative production of important platform chemicals (i.e., selected C2-C6 metabolic products and single cell oil) and biopolymers (i.e., polyhydroxyalkanoates and bacterial cellulose). In the second part, the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of waste and by-product streams from existing industrial sectors are presented. In the third part, the techno-economic aspects of bioconversion processes are critically reviewed. Four case studies showing the potential of case-specific waste and by-product streams for the production of succinic acid and polyhydroxyalkanoates are presented. It is evident that fermentative production of chemicals and biopolymers via refining of waste and by-product streams is a highly important research area with significant prospects for industrial applications.
431 citations
TL;DR: Evidence of 23BD production by three nonpathogenic acetogenic Clostridium species—Clostridia autoethanogenum, C. ljungdahlii, and C. ragsdalei—using carbon monoxide-containing industrial waste gases or syngas as the sole source of carbon and energy is presented.
Abstract: 2,3-Butanediol (23BD) is a high-value chemical usually produced petrochemically but which can also be synthesized by some bacteria. To date, the best microbial 23BD production rates have been observed using pathogenic bacteria in fermentation systems that depend on sugars as the carbon and energy sources for product synthesis. Here we present evidence of 23BD production by three nonpathogenic acetogenic Clostridium species—Clostridium autoethanogenum, C. ljungdahlii, and C. ragsdalei—using carbon monoxide-containing industrial waste gases or syngas as the sole source of carbon and energy. Through an analysis of the C. ljungdahlii genome, the complete pathway from carbon monoxide to 23BD has been proposed. Homologues of the genes involved in this pathway were also confirmed for the other two species investigated. A gene expression study demonstrates a correlation between mRNA accumulation from 23BD biosynthetic genes and the onset of 23BD production, while a broader expression study of Wood-Ljungdahl pathway genes provides a transcription-level view of one of the oldest existing biochemical pathways.
419 citations
Cites background or methods from "Microbial 2,3-butanediol production..."
...The stereochemistry of acetoin itself is a function of the acetolactate decarboxylase (30, 55), which converts acetolactate to acetoin....
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...To reconstruct the metabolic pathway for synthesis of 23BD from CO, similarities were sought with the well-documented enzymology of 23BD production in sugar-fermenting Enterobacteriaceae and Bacillus species as well as in the acetoin-producing organism Clostridium acetobutylicum (13, 30, 57)....
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...9), as speculated for other 23BD- and lactate-producing bacteria (30, 57)....
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...All three isomeric forms of 23BD have already been reported as bacterial fermentation products, and synthesis of 2 enantiomers by one species is not uncommon (30, 37)....
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...While these genes are usually clustered together in a common operon in Enterobacteriaceae and Bacillus species (10, 30, 46, 54, 57), they were found to be scattered over the genome in C....
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379 citations
TL;DR: A comprehensive summary of the current state of knowledge regarding advances and achievements in the field of the chemocatalytic conversion of ethanol and butanediols to butadiene is presented, including thermodynamics and kinetic aspects of the reactions with discussions on the reaction pathways and the type of catalysts developed.
Abstract: Increasing demand for renewable feedstock-based chemicals is driving the interest of both academic and industrial research to substitute petrochemicals with renewable chemicals from biomass-derived resources. The search towards novel platform chemicals is challenging and rewarding, but the main research activities are concentrated on finding efficient pathways to produce familiar drop-in chemicals and polymer building blocks. A diversity of industrially important monomers like alkenes, conjugated dienes, unsaturated carboxylic acids and aromatic compounds are thus targeted from renewable feedstock. In this context, on-purpose production of 1,3-butadiene from biomass-derived feedstock is an interesting example as its production is under pressure by uncertainty of the conventional fossil feedstock. Ethanol, obtained via fermentation or (biomass-generated) syngas, can be converted to butadiene, although there is no large commercial activity today. Though practised on a large scale in the beginning of the 20th century, there is a growing worldwide renewed interest in the butadiene-from-ethanol route. An alternative route to produce butadiene from biomass is through direct carbohydrate and gas fermentation or indirectly via the dehydration of butanediols. This review starts with a brief discussion on the different feedstock possibilities to produce butadiene, followed by a comprehensive summary of the current state of knowledge regarding advances and achievements in the field of the chemocatalytic conversion of ethanol and butanediols to butadiene, including thermodynamics and kinetic aspects of the reactions with discussions on the reaction pathways and the type of catalysts developed.
373 citations
References
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TL;DR: The integration of agroenergy crops and biorefinery manufacturing technologies offers the potential for the development of sustainable biopower and biomaterials that will lead to a new manufacturing paradigm.
Abstract: Biomass represents an abundant carbon-neutral renewable resource for the production of bioenergy and biomaterials, and its enhanced use would address several societal needs. Advances in genetics, biotechnology, process chemistry, and engineering are leading to a new manufacturing concept for converting renewable biomass to valuable fuels and products, generally referred to as the biorefinery. The integration of agroenergy crops and biorefinery manufacturing technologies offers the potential for the development of sustainable biopower and biomaterials that will lead to a new manufacturing paradigm.
5,344 citations
"Microbial 2,3-butanediol production..." refers background in this paper
...As crude oil reserves become increasingly scarce, bio-refinery systems that integrate biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, and chemicals from annually renewable resources are at the stage of worldwide development (Kamm and Kamm, 2004; Ragauskas et al., 2006)....
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...The most attractive use of lignocelluloses is in production of chemicals using biotechnological means (Ragauskas et al., 2006)....
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01 May 2003
TL;DR: In this article, various pre-treatment options as well as enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass to fermentable sugars are reviewed and the barriers, progress, and prospects of developing an environmentally benign bioprocess for large-scale conversion of hemicellulose to fuel ethanol, xylitol, 2,3-butanediol, and other value added fermentation products are highlighted.
Abstract: Various agricultural residues, such as corn fiber, corn stover, wheat straw, rice straw, and sugarcane bagasse, contain about 20–40% hemicellulose, the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature. The conversion of hemicellulose to fuels and chemicals is problematic. In this paper, various pretreatment options as well as enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass to fermentable sugars is reviewed. Our research dealing with the pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification of corn fiber and development of novel and improved enzymes such as endo-xylanase, β-xylosidase, and α-l-arabinofuranosidase for hemicellulose bioconversion is described. The barriers, progress, and prospects of developing an environmentally benign bioprocess for large-scale conversion of hemicellulose to fuel ethanol, xylitol, 2,3-butanediol, and other value-added fermentation products are highlighted.
1,651 citations
TL;DR: The multiplex approach embraces engineering in the context of evolution by expediting the design and evolution of organisms with new and improved properties by facilitating rapid and continuous generation of a diverse set of genetic changes.
Abstract: The breadth of genomic diversity found among organisms in nature allows populations to adapt to diverse environments. However, genomic diversity is difficult to generate in the laboratory and new phenotypes do not easily arise on practical timescales. Although in vitro and directed evolution methods have created genetic variants with usefully altered phenotypes, these methods are limited to laborious and serial manipulation of single genes and are not used for parallel and continuous directed evolution of gene networks or genomes. Here, we describe multiplex automated genome engineering (MAGE) for large-scale programming and evolution of cells. MAGE simultaneously targets many locations on the chromosome for modification in a single cell or across a population of cells, thus producing combinatorial genomic diversity. Because the process is cyclical and scalable, we constructed prototype devices that automate the MAGE technology to facilitate rapid and continuous generation of a diverse set of genetic changes (mismatches, insertions, deletions). We applied MAGE to optimize the 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate (DXP) biosynthesis pathway in Escherichia coli to overproduce the industrially important isoprenoid lycopene. Twenty-four genetic components in the DXP pathway were modified simultaneously using a complex pool of synthetic DNA, creating over 4.3 billion combinatorial genomic variants per day. We isolated variants with more than fivefold increase in lycopene production within 3 days, a significant improvement over existing metabolic engineering techniques. Our multiplex approach embraces engineering in the context of evolution by expediting the design and evolution of organisms with new and improved properties.
1,490 citations
"Microbial 2,3-butanediol production..." refers background in this paper
...…engineering tools, such as global transcription machinery engineering (Alper and Stephanopoulos, 2007) and multiplex automated genome engineering (Wang et al., 2009), the strains could not only achieve higher product yield and productivity, but also obtain a pure stereoisomer instead of a…...
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TL;DR: The principal goal in the development of biorefineries is defined by the following: (biomass) feedstock-mix + process-mix → product-mix, particularly the combination between biotechnological and chemical conversion of substances will play an important role.
Abstract: Sustainable economic growth requires safe, sustainable resources for industrial production. For the future re-arrangement of a substantial economy to biological raw materials, completely new approaches in research and development, production and economy are necessary. Biorefineries combine the necessary technologies between biological raw materials and industrial intermediates and final products. The principal goal in the development of biorefineries is defined by the following: (biomass) feedstock-mix + process-mix → product-mix. Here, particularly the combination between biotechnological and chemical conversion of substances will play an important role. Currently the “whole-crop biorefinery”, “green biorefinery” and “lignocellulose-feedstock biorefinery” systems are favored in research and development.
908 citations
"Microbial 2,3-butanediol production..." refers background in this paper
...As crude oil reserves become increasingly scarce, bio-refinery systems that integrate biomass conversion processes and equipment to produce fuels, power, and chemicals from annually renewable resources are at the stage of worldwide development (Kamm and Kamm, 2004; Ragauskas et al., 2006)....
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TL;DR: Comparative 16S rRNA sequence analysis has demonstrated that the genusBacillus consists of at least five phyletic lines, and the genusPaenibacillus can be readily distinguished from otherBacilli groups using a battery of phenotypic characters and a highly specific gene probe based on 16SrRNA.
Abstract: Comparative 16S rRNA sequence analysis has demonstrated that the genusBacillus consists of at least five phyletic lines. rRNA group 3 bacilli of Ash, Farrow, Wallbanks and Collins (1991) comprisingBacillus polymyxa and close relatives is phylogenetically so removed fromBacillus subtilis, the type species of the genus and other aerobic, endospore-forming bacilli that they warrant reclassification in a new genusPaenibacillus. The genusPaenibacillus can be readily distinguished from otherBacillus groups using a battery of phenotypic characters and a highly specific gene probe based on 16S rRNA.
890 citations
"Microbial 2,3-butanediol production..." refers background in this paper
...In 1926, 2,3-BD accumulation in cultures of Paenibacillus polymyxa (formerly Bacillus polymyxa; reclassified by Ash et al., 1993) was initially observed (Garg and Jain, 1995)....
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