Microglia express distinct M1 and M2 phenotypic markers in the postnatal and adult central nervous system in male and female mice.
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...older animals the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines as -6 and IL-1b is increased (Crain et al., 2013)....
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...Marker Type Description Macrophages Microglia Mouse Human References IL-1b Cytokine Pro-inflammatory cytokine Yes Yes Yes Yes Chhor et al. (2013), Crain et al. (2013), David and Kroner (2011) IL-2 Cytokine Pro-inflammatory cytokine No Yes Yes Yes Chhor et al. (2013), Girard et al. (2008), Prokop et…...
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...At any e microglia from adult animals express M1 and M2 markers but older animals the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines as -6 and IL-1b is increased (Crain et al., 2013)....
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Cites background from "Microglia express distinct M1 and M..."
...And still others have seen no significant age-related differences in microglial activation phenotypes when studied in the absence of any pathological insults [105,111]....
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433 citations
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...However, these stimulated microglia are a heterogeneous mix of cells, which functionally can be divided into pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) states and, more recently, other phenotypes have been identified (Crain et al. 2013)....
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References
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"Microglia express distinct M1 and M..." refers background in this paper
...In the postnatal brain, microglia are important for synaptic pruning (Paolicelli et al., 2011), and they have an activated, amoeboid morphology with high phagocytic activity (Schwarz et al., 2012)....
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...In the postnatal brain, microglia are important for synaptic pruning (Paolicelli et al., 2011), and they have an activated, amoeboid morphology with high phagocytic activity (Schwarz et al....
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...…microglia are highly motile and are actively involved in many physiological processes that include making dynamic contacts with neurons (Wake et al., 2009; Graeber, 2010; Parkhurst and Gan, 2010; Kettenmann et al., 2011; Paolicelli et al., 2011; Tremblay and Majewska, 2011; Tremblay et al., 2011)....
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...Although commonly considered “resting,” emerging evidence suggests that quiescent microglia are highly motile and are actively involved in many physiological processes that include making dynamic contacts with neurons (Wake et al., 2009; Graeber, 2010; Parkhurst and Gan, 2010; Kettenmann et al., 2011; Paolicelli et al., 2011; Tremblay and Majewska, 2011; Tremblay et al., 2011)....
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2,998 citations
"Microglia express distinct M1 and M..." refers background in this paper
...…reflect the changing environment in the CNS. Microglia express receptors for many neurotransmitters, neurohormones, neuromodulators, and ion channels that allow them to communicate with other CNS cells and sense abnormal neuronal activities or disturbances in homeostasis (Kettenmann et al., 2011)....
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...Microglia express receptors for many neurotransmitters, neurohormones, neuromodulators, and ion channels that allow them to communicate with other CNS cells and sense abnormal neuronal activities or disturbances in homeostasis (Kettenmann et al., 2011)....
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...…microglia are highly motile and are actively involved in many physiological processes that include making dynamic contacts with neurons (Wake et al., 2009; Graeber, 2010; Parkhurst and Gan, 2010; Kettenmann et al., 2011; Paolicelli et al., 2011; Tremblay and Majewska, 2011; Tremblay et al., 2011)....
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...Although commonly considered “resting,” emerging evidence suggests that quiescent microglia are highly motile and are actively involved in many physiological processes that include making dynamic contacts with neurons (Wake et al., 2009; Graeber, 2010; Parkhurst and Gan, 2010; Kettenmann et al., 2011; Paolicelli et al., 2011; Tremblay and Majewska, 2011; Tremblay et al., 2011)....
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1,393 citations
"Microglia express distinct M1 and M..." refers background in this paper
...…quiescent microglia are highly motile and are actively involved in many physiological processes that include making dynamic contacts with neurons (Wake et al., 2009; Graeber, 2010; Parkhurst and Gan, 2010; Kettenmann et al., 2011; Paolicelli et al., 2011; Tremblay and Majewska, 2011; Tremblay…...
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...Although commonly considered “resting,” emerging evidence suggests that quiescent microglia are highly motile and are actively involved in many physiological processes that include making dynamic contacts with neurons (Wake et al., 2009; Graeber, 2010; Parkhurst and Gan, 2010; Kettenmann et al., 2011; Paolicelli et al., 2011; Tremblay and Majewska, 2011; Tremblay et al., 2011)....
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996 citations
889 citations
"Microglia express distinct M1 and M..." refers background in this paper
...For example, women are at higher risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease and multiple sclerosis, whereas men are more likely to develop amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease (Payami et al., 1996; Logroscino et al., 2010; Wirdefeldt et al., 2011; Voskuhl and Gold, 2012)....
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