Microplastics in freshwater systems: A review of the emerging threats, identification of knowledge gaps and prioritisation of research needs
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Cites background from "Microplastics in freshwater systems..."
...Through such 585 consumption, mobile organisms such as fish, mammals and birds may also contribute to the dispersal 586 of microplastics over long distances following the ingestion and subsequent egestion of consumed 587 microplastics (Eerkes-Medrano et al., 2015)....
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...…pertinent in freshwaters inland, especially those in close proximity 731 to industrialised and populated areas with a high discharge of industrial and domestic wastewater, 732 where small dispersal areas can lead to high pollutant concentrations (Eerkes-Medrano et al., 2015; 733 Free et al., 2014)....
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"Microplastics in freshwater systems..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Sampling methods similar to those used in marine systems (e.g., Thompson et al., 2004), are used to detect microplastics in freshwater systems (e.g., Eriksen et al., 2013; Imhof et al., 2013)....
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...Benthic marine invertebrates that ingest microplastics include sea cucumbers (Graham and Thompson, 2009), mussels (Browne et al., 2008; Farrell and Nelson, 2013), lobsters (Murray and Cowie, 2011), amphipods, lugworms, and barnacles (Thompson et al., 2004; Browne et al., 2013; Wright et al., 2013a)....
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...In such cases, density separation by the NaCl method (Thompson et al., 2004), which may be less complete in its extraction efficiency, but is simple, inexpensive, rapid and does not use hazardous chemicals, may be most appropriate....
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..., 2008; Farrell and Nelson, 2013), lobsters (Murray and Cowie, 2011), amphipods, lugworms, and barnacles (Thompson et al., 2004; Browne et al., 2013; Wright et al., 2013a)....
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...These particles are ingested by a variety of marine organisms from invertebrates to fish with various consequences (e.g., Thompson et al., 2004; Lusher et al., 2013) and there is evidence that particles smaller than the current level of detection in the environment are also ingested by aquatic…...
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"Microplastics in freshwater systems..." refers background in this paper
...In oceans, the small size and low density of microplastics contributes to their widespread transport across large distances particularly by ocean currents (Cole et al., 2011; Ballent et al., 2012; Eriksson et al., 2013)....
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...Primary sources include manufactured plastic products such as scrubbers in cleaning and cosmetic products, as well as manufactured pellets used in feedstock or plastic wat e r r e s e a r c h 7 5 ( 2 0 1 5 ) 6 3e8 2 65 production (Gregory, 1996; Fendall and Sewell, 2009; Cole et al., 2011)....
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...Secondary sources of microplastics include fibres or fragments resulting from the breakdown of larger plastic items (Browne et al., 2011; Cole et al., 2011)....
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3,119 citations
"Microplastics in freshwater systems..." refers background or methods in this paper
...…the cost and difficulties of samplingmicroplastics frombenthic and pelagic habitats limit present knowledge of spatial and temporal distributions (Hidalgo-Ruz et al., 2012; Galgani et al., 2013; NOAA Office of Response and Restoration, 2013); techniques are generally time consuming and unable to…...
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...In marine investigations, the techniques for sampling microplastics vary, with approaches differing in collection method, identification, and enumeration (Hidalgo-Ruz et al., 2012)....
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...line fibres, films, industrial raw materials, consumer products and household items, and pellets or polymer fragments from degradable plastic, which are designed to fragment in the environment (Hidalgo-Ruz et al., 2012; Free et al., 2014)....
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...These fragments can originate from fishing nets, line fibres, films, industrial raw materials, consumer products and household items, and pellets or polymer fragments from degradable plastic, which are designed to fragment in the environment (Hidalgo-Ruz et al., 2012; Free et al., 2014)....
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...Manufactured pellets may be especially common in the environment near plastic processing plantswhereas scrubbers or microbeads may be present in industrial and domestic wastewater, where they enter the system via rivers and estuaries (Colton, 1974; Hidalgo-Ruz et al., 2012)....
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