Micropropagation of Pistachio from mature trees
01 Feb 2000-Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture (Kluwer Academic Publishers)-Vol. 60, Iss: 2, pp 159-162
TL;DR: Multiple shoots were induced from nodal segments of mature trees of Pistacia vera L. on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with benzylaminopurine (BA) and stable regenerated plants were established in the greenhouse.
Abstract: Multiple shoots were induced from nodal segments of mature trees of Pistacia vera L. on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with benzylaminopurine (BA). Maximum shoot production was obtained from shoot tips taken from in vitro proliferated shoots when cultured on solidified MS medium containing 8.8 μ MB A. The multiplication rate was 20 microshoots per explant on the 30th day. Rooting of microshoots was achieved in MS medium supplemented with indole butyric acid (IBA). Rooted plantlets reassumed independent growth after a short period of acclimatisation. Stable regenerated plants were established in the greenhouse.
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TL;DR: The results indicate that the easiest and most successful method for grafting was slit micrografting and shoot tips from mature trees of pistachio micrografted onto in vitro juvenile rootstocks, resulted in the restoration of shoot-bud proliferation.
Abstract: The success of various in vitro micrografting methods of shoot tips of pistachio (Pistacia vera L. var. Siirt) have been examined. Excised zygotic embryos that germinated in vitro were used as rootstocks. Current year shoot tips from mature trees of pistachio micrografted onto in vitro juvenile rootstocks, resulted in the restoration of shoot-bud proliferation. Variables tested include a size of microscion, grafting method, effects of culture medium and effects of time of the year at which shoot tips were used. The results indicate that the easiest and most successful method for grafting was slit micrografting. High levels of micrograft take were achieved with 2–4 mm (56.75%) and 4–6 mm (79.25%) long scions obtained from the regenerated shoot tips. The survival rate of the shoot tips was directly related to time of the year. The best growth of microscion was obtained with the in vitro forced shoot tips rather than with shoot tips excised from tree. Slow growth and lack of axillary shoot development on the micrografts was noticeable when the micrografts were cultured on hormone-free and germination medium. In vitro micrografted plantlets were successfully weaned and no problems were encountered with the establishment of micrografted plants in vivo.
72 citations
TL;DR: An efficient in vitro propagation system has been developed for rapid micropropagation of Soapnut, a medicinally and economically important tree from nodal (axillary bud) segments of seedlings, which can be applied for further genetic transformation assays and pharmaceutical purposes.
Abstract: An efficient in vitro propagation system has been developed for rapid micropropagation of Soapnut (Sapindus trifoliatus Linn.), a medicinally and economically important tree from nodal (axillary bud) segments of seedlings. The frequency of shoot regeneration from seedling node explant was influenced by the age of the seedlings, growth regulators and successive transfer of the mother explant. Explants from 4-week-old seedlings yielded the maximum shoot regeneration frequency (97.22%) on full-strength MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l−1 of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). After harvesting the newly formed shoots, the mother explants transferred to same medium subsequently produced a maximum of 5.16 shoots per explant after third passage. Further improvement in the morphogenic response occurred when the nodal explants excised from in vitro regenerated shoots were employed, and 6.89 shoots per explant were obtained on the same medium after the third subculture. Optimal rooting (91.67%) was obtained by placing the micro-shoots in liquid MS medium with 1.0 mg l−1 IBA for 24 h and then transferring to the agar solidified MS medium devoid of IBA. The micropropagated shoots with well-developed roots were acclimatized and successfully transplanted to soil with 90% survival rate. Genetic stability of the regenerated plants was assessed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). The amplification products were monomorphic in micropropagated plants and similar to those of mother plant. No polymorphism was detected revealing the genetic integrity of micropropagated plants. This is the first report of an efficient protocol for regeneration of S. trifoliatus through organogenesis, which can be applied for further genetic transformation assays and pharmaceutical purposes.
64 citations
Cites methods from "Micropropagation of Pistachio from ..."
...Optimum rooting response using IBA has been reported for several trees like Pistacia vera (Onay 2000), Terminalia arjuna (Pandey and Jaiswal 2002; Pandey et al. 2006), Terminalia chebula (Shyamkumar 2003), Kigelia pinnata (Thomas and Puthur 2004) and Stereospermum personatum (Shukla et al. 2009)....
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TL;DR: The results of this study showed that RITA® could be used for the mass propagation of pistachio and its rootstocks, as well as for other woody plant species.
Abstract: Although several studies have been reported on the micropropagation of the pistachio and its rootstocks, to date none of them had been efficient on the mass production of these plants in bioreactor systems. Thus, the micropropagation of juvenile pistachio shoot tips and nodal buds was investigated in a temporary immersion bioreactor system (RITA®) and on a conventional semi-solid medium. Among the tested immersion conditions, immersion for 24 min every 16 h reduced vitrification and improved proliferation in the pistachio. Interactions were evident in immersion time and frequency in nodal segments. Nodal buds were better than shoot tips as the highest multiple shoot formation was recorded in MS medium containing 4 mg L−1 BA and 0.1 mg L−1 GA3 in RITA®. Although shoot tip necrosis (STN) was observed in shoots proliferated on semi-solid MS medium, such a symptom did not occur in shoots sprouted in the RITA®. Additionally, these optimized conditions were applied to nodal buds of mature male pistachio ‘Atli’ and Pistacia rootstocks (P. khinjuk Stocks and P. atlantica Desf.), and the micropropagation in the bioreactor system, in comparison to the semi-solid medium, was also improved. Furthermore, in vitro rooting of pistachio plantlets, despite the lower range (27.5 %), was also achieved in RITA®. However, rooting was better on semi-solid medium for all tested species (ranged between 50 and 70 %). The results of this study showed that RITA® could be used for the mass propagation of pistachio and its rootstocks, as well as for other woody plant species.
62 citations
Cites methods from "Micropropagation of Pistachio from ..."
...…Batman University, 72060 Batman, Turkey conducted on pistachio explants excised from both in vitrogrown juvenile seedlings and mature plants by using agarbased systems (i.e., Barghchi 1982; Barghchi and Alderson 1985; Parfitt and Almehdi 1994; Onay 2000; OzdenTokatli et al. 2005; Tilkat 2006)....
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01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of silver nitrate on shoot differentiation and shoot growth was examined in order to improve the regeneration efficiency of pistachio (Pistacia vera L. cv. Kirmizi) in vitro.
Abstract: Abstract The effect of silver nitrate on shoot differentiation and shoot growth was examined in order to improve the regeneration efficiency of pistachio (Pistacia vera L. cv. Kirmizi) in vitro. Nodal explants of in vitro-grown seedlings were used to test various concentrations and combinations of 6-benzyladenine (BA), kinetin (KIN), gibberellic acid (GA3) and silver nitrate (AgNO3). Addition of AgNO3 up to 48.0 μM to the culture medium improved the regeneration frequency and shoot growth, and reduced basal callus formation in all regenerated explants. The highest regeneration frequency (100%) was recorded on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 9.0 μM BA, 0.2 μM GA3 and 24.0 or 48.0 μM AgNO3 in combination. The best proliferation response in terms of both shoot formation and low callus production was obtained in the medium containing a combination of 9.0 μM BA, 0.2 μM GA3 and 12.0 μM AgNO3. Regenerated shoots, coming from three cycles of subculturing in proliferation media, were rooted in half-strength MS medium containing 12.0 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Well rooted plantlets were acclimatized and eventually established in peat and perlite. The development and optimization of an effective micropropagation protocol that is presented in this paper can give an important contribution to improve the quality of pistachio plants and, as a consequence, of orchard production in Middle East countries.
57 citations
TL;DR: In vitro shoot induction and plant regeneration from mature nodal explants of Vitex trifolia L.trifolia on Murashige and Skoog medium fortified with benzylaminopurine, with multiple shoots differentiated directly without callus mediation within 3 weeks when explants were cultured on medium supplemented with cytokinins.
Abstract: This report describes in vitro shoot induction and plant regeneration from mature nodal explants of Vitex trifolia L. on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium fortified with benzylaminopurine (BAP), kinetin (KN), thidiazuron (TDZ), adenine (ADE), and 2-isopentenyladenine (2-iP) (0.25 - 10.0 μM). Multiple shoots differentiated directly without callus mediation within 3 weeks when explants were cultured on medium supplemented with cytokinins. The maximum number of shoots (9 shoots per explant) was developed on a medium supplemented with 5.0 μM BAP. Shoot cultures was established repeatedly subculturing the original nodal explant on the same medium. Rooting of shoots was achieved on half strength MS medium supplemented with 0.5 μM naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Rooted plantlets transferred to pots containing autoclaved soil and vermiculite mixture (1:1) showed 90 % survival when transferred to outdoor.
57 citations
Cites background from "Micropropagation of Pistachio from ..."
...A similar finding of subculturing the in vitro generated nodal explants to fresh shoot multiplication medium was reported in pistachio (Onay 2000), Leptadenia reticulata (Arya et al....
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...A similar finding of subculturing the in vitro generated nodal explants to fresh shoot multiplication medium was reported in pistachio (Onay 2000), Leptadenia reticulata (Arya et al. 2003), Sophora flavescens (Zhao et al. 2004), Calendula officinalis (Çöçü et al. 2004) and Sesbania rostrata (Jain…...
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References
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TL;DR: It is concluded that encapsulation is a practical procedure for short-term storage of embryogenic pistachio tissue, and may be applicable to the preservation of desirable elite genotypes.
Abstract: Pieces of an embryogenic mass (EMS) induced in culture from immature fruits of pistachio, Pistacia vera L., were encapsulated into calcium alginate beads. Somatic embryos were also encapsulated individually into calcium alginate beads to produce synthetic seeds. The viability of the encapsulated EMS and somatic embryos was investigated immediately following encapsulation, and after storage for 60 days at 4°C. The encapsulated-stored EMS fragments recovered their original proliferative capacity after two months storage following two sub-cultures, but non-encapsulated-stored EMS failed to recover. The conversion frequency of synthetic seeds to seedling plants was 14% after storage for 60 days at 4°C, from which it may be concluded that encapsulation is a practical procedure for short-term storage of embryogenic pistachio tissue, and may be applicable to the preservation of desirable elite genotypes.
59 citations
"Micropropagation of Pistachio from ..." refers background in this paper
...…of pistachio cultivars has been achieved through organogenesis (Barghchi, 1982; Bustamante-Garcia, 1984; Al-Ramadhani, 1985; Martinelli et al., 1988; Abousalim, 1990; Gonzales and Frutos, 1990; Yang and Lüdders, 1993; Onay, 1996), and somatic embryogenesis (Onay et al., 1995, 1996, 1997)....
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TL;DR: Embryogenic tissue was produced from kernels of immature fruits of Pistachio cultured in liquid Murashige and Skoog media, supplemented with 200 mgl−1 casein hydrolysate, 114 μM 1-ascorbic acid, and benzylaminopurine and somatic embryos appeared.
Abstract: Embryogenic tissue was produced from kernels of immature fruits of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) cultured in liquid Murashige and Skoog media, supplemented with 200 mgl−1 casein hydrolysate, 114 μM 1-ascorbic acid, and benzylaminopurine. Compact embryogenic masses differentiated directly from the fruit explants after culture for 2 weeks in liquid medium with 8.9 μM benzylaminopurine. After transfer of the embryogenic masses into the same medium, but with 4.4 μM benzylaminopurine, somatic embryos appeared. Several stages of embryogenesis were present in the cultures. Adventive embryos were readily separated from the friable embryogenic masses by shaking. Separated somatic embryos, germinated on solidified Murashige & Skoog medium without growth regulators, developed into plantlets.
39 citations
"Micropropagation of Pistachio from ..." refers background in this paper
...…of pistachio cultivars has been achieved through organogenesis (Barghchi, 1982; Bustamante-Garcia, 1984; Al-Ramadhani, 1985; Martinelli et al., 1988; Abousalim, 1990; Gonzales and Frutos, 1990; Yang and Lüdders, 1993; Onay, 1996), and somatic embryogenesis (Onay et al., 1995, 1996, 1997)....
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01 Sep 1988
30 citations
Dissertation•
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: Methods were developed for organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis of pistachio, Pistacia vera L. cv 'Antep' and subsequent plant regeneration from mature zygotic embryos with an intervening callus phase and TDZ was found to be the most effective growth substance for the induction of rapidly growing callus.
Abstract: Methods were developed for organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis of pistachio, Pistacia vera L. cv 'Antep', using tissues from seedlings, mature trees, immature fruits, zygotic embryos and juvenile leaf explants. An effective surface sterilisation method for the production of sterile explants from P. vera mature seeds or immature fruits, seedlings, and mature meristem tips was achieved. In the case of explants from adult pistachio materials, decontamination was best achieved when explants were obtained from actively-growing meristem tip cultures of 50-yearold P. vera L. A method was described for the establishment of embryogenic cell suspension cultures. The factors controlling the initiation, maturation, germination, embling development, and acclimatisation of emblings derived from immature fruit explants were investigated. The cytokinin BAP was found to be essential for the induction of EMS from immature fruits cultured on a liquid MS medium. The best growth of EMS in terms of fresh and dry weight production was obtained on sucrose or glucose within the concentration range 4-10% w/v. Somatic embryos were found to mature more rapidly in liquid medium. An original method of logistic analysis was developed for interpretation of the effects of multiple treatments and their interactions on the probabilities of embryo germination and embling development. The abscisic acid and benzylaminopurine concentrations, the durations of the embryo maturation treatments and of the culture periods for germination and embling development inluenced the most significant effects on embryo germination and embling development. The overall probability of germination of a mature somatic embryo was found to be 0.38 and 0.46 when ABA and BAP respectively were used for SE maturation. Under the germination conditions, the overall probability of an embling developing from a germinated embryo was found to be 0.18 and 0.36 for SE maturation using the growth regulators ABA and BAP. However, the probabilities of SE germination and embling were highest when PGR-free media were used for SE maturation. A practical procedure was developed for short-term storage of encapsulated EMS and somatic embryos. EMS fragments, induced in culture from immature fruits of pistachio, were encapsulated in calcium alginate beads. Somatic embryos were similarly encapsulated individually in calcium alginate beads to produce synthetic seeds. The conversion frequency of synthetic seeds to seedling plants was 14% after storage for 60 days at 4 °C. The somatic embryogenic potential of axenic-juvenile, regenerated greenhouse-house grown (one-year-old) and regenerated mature leaf explant of pistachio was investigated on MS medium supplemented with different cytokinins and auxins. TDZ was found to be the most effective growth substance for the induction of rapidly growing callus. Embryogenic callus was induced from axenic juvenile leaf explants. Induction of embryogenic competency was dependent on the presence of the cytokinin BAP. Methods are described for somatic embryogenesis and subsequent plant regeneration from mature zygotic embryos with an intervening callus phase. A concentration of 1-4 mg 1 -1 2,4-D was found to be a satisfactory growth regulator for producing viable callus and this may be used routinely in callus
27 citations
"Micropropagation of Pistachio from ..." refers background in this paper
...However, one measure to reduce this contamination was to reduce the size of explants cultured (Onay, 1996)....
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...…of pistachio cultivars has been achieved through organogenesis (Barghchi, 1982; Bustamante-Garcia, 1984; Al-Ramadhani, 1985; Martinelli et al., 1988; Abousalim, 1990; Gonzales and Frutos, 1990; Yang and Lüdders, 1993; Onay, 1996), and somatic embryogenesis (Onay et al., 1995, 1996, 1997)....
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...In addition Onay (1996) found that decontamination was most readily achieved with meristem tips (approximately 1 mm) obtained from actively growing shoots of 50-year-oldP. vera plants as opposed to shoot tip explants....
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...Several improvements were made for initiation and multiplication of explants of mature pistachio (Onay, 1996), but up to now no one has successfully propagatedPistacia veraL. through tissue culture using material from mature trees....
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