Microspheres for biomedical applications: preparation of reactive and labelled microspheres.
TL;DR: This review describes the synthesis and physico-chemical properties of reactive and labelled microspheres useful for biomedical applications.
About: This article is published in Biomaterials.The article was published on 1993-01-01. It has received 154 citations till now.
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19 Jul 1994
TL;DR: In this article, an anti-angiogenic factor and a polymeric carrier were used for embolization of blood vessels and eliminating biliary, urethral, esophageal, and tracheal/bronchial obstructions.
Abstract: The present invention provides compositions comprising an anti-angiogenic factor, and a polymeric carrier. Representative examples of anti-angiogenic factors include Anti-Invasive Factor, Retinoic acids and derivatives thereof, and paclitaxel. Also provided are methods for embolizing blood vessels, and eliminating biliary, urethral, esophageal, and tracheal/bronchial obstructions.
1,285 citations
TL;DR: The main applications covered include: collagen for burn/wound cover dressings; osteogenic and bone filling materials; antithrombogenic surfaces; and immobilization of therapeutic enzymes.
Abstract: In this review, an attempt was made to summarize some of the recent developments in the application of collagen as a biomaterial and in drug delivery systems. The main applications covered include: collagen for burn/wound cover dressings; osteogenic and bone filling materials; antithrombogenic surfaces; and immobilization of therapeutic enzymes. Recently, collagen used as a carrier for drug delivery has attracted many researchers throughout the world. The use of collagen for various drug delivery systems has also been reviewed in this article. Collagen-based drug delivery systems include: injectable microspheres based on gelatin (degraded form of collagen); implantable collagen-synthetic polymer hydrogels; interpenetrating networks of collagen; and synthetic polymers collagen membranes for ophthalmic delivery. Recent efforts to use collagen-liposomal composites for controlled drug delivery, as well as collagen as controlling membranes for transdermal delivery, were also reviewed. In this review, the main emphasis was on the work done in our laboratory.
264 citations
TL;DR: The aim of this review is to provide basic information on nanoparticles, describe previously developed methods to functionalize nanoparticles and discuss their potential applications in biomedical sciences.
Abstract: Rapid innovations in nanomedicine have increased the likelihood that engineered nanomaterials will eventually come in contact with humans and the environment. The advent of nanotechnology has created strong interest in many fields such as biomedical sciences and engineering field. Central to any significant advances in nanomaterial based applications will be the development of functionalized nanoparticles, which are believed to hold promise for use in fields such as pharmaceutical and biomedical sciences. Early clinical results have suggested that functionalization of nanoparticles with specific recognition chemical moieties indeed yields multifunctional nanoparticles with enhanced efficacy, while simultaneously reducing side effects, due to properties such as targeted localization in tumors and active cellular uptake. A prerequisite for advancing this area of research is the development of chemical methods to conjugate chemical moieties onto nanoparticles in a reliable manner. In recent years a variety of chemical methods have been developed to synthesize functionalized nanoparticles specifically for drug delivery, cancer therapy, diagnostics, tissue engineering and molecular biology, and the structure-function relationship of these functionalized nanoparticles has been extensively examined. With the growing understanding of methods to functionalize nanoparticles and the continued efforts of creative scientists to advance this technology, it is likely that functionalized nanoparticles will become an important tool in the above mentioned areas. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide basic information on nanoparticles, describe previously developed methods to functionalize nanoparticles and discuss their potential applications in biomedical sciences. The information provided in this review is important in regards to the safe and widespread use of functionalized nanoparticles particularly in the biomedicine field.
256 citations
Cites background from "Microspheres for biomedical applica..."
...Potential biomedical applications of NPs have increased in the last decades due to their resistance to oxidation, easy synthesis, and optical properties and if appropriate ligands functionalization is used they can be highly tolerated by organs [8]....
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19 Aug 2002
TL;DR: A survey of chitin and chitosan applications in various industrial and biomedical fields can be found in this article, where the authors present a number of applications in the biomedical field.
Abstract: Chitin and chitosan are versatile polymers, where the interest in chitosan is due to the large variety of useful forms that are commercially available or can be made available. Chitin basically is obtained from prawn/crab shells; chemical treatment of chitin produces chitosan. This article surveys applications of chitin and chitosan in various industrial and biomedical fields.
222 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between 6-carboxyfluorescein (6-CF) and rhodamine B-labeled melamine formaldehyde (RhB-MF) particles in aqueous solution was exploited to investigate the layer properties of polyelectrolyte (PE) multilayers preadsorbed on the particle surface.
Abstract: The Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between 6-carboxyfluorescein (6-CF) (donor) and rhodamine B-labeled melamine formaldehyde (RhB-MF) particles (acceptor) in aqueous solution was exploited to investigate the layer properties of polyelectrolyte (PE) multilayers preadsorbed on the particle surface. The formation of poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) multilayers on the RhB-MF particles was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility measurements. The FRET process was found to proceed via adsorption of 6-CF onto the RhB-MF particles and was thus dependent on the degree of surface coverage of the PE on the surface. The PE surface coverage could be altered by depositing the layers with or without added electrolyte. The extent of FRET was also influenced by the number of PE layers (and hence layer thickness) surrounding the RhB-MF particles. Increasing the number of PE layers resulted in less energy transfer, reflecting less accessible sites on the RhB-MF particles for 6-CF...
191 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this paper, the Smith-Ewart theory is applied to the stabilization of polydisperse aqueous emulsions towards degradation by molecular diffusion, and a new method for preparation of stable monomer emulsion by diffusion, based on physicochemical principles underlying said stabilization, is described.
565 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a mechanism for particle formation and growth in dispersion polymerization is presented, where functional groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, amine, amide, silane, polydimethylsiloxane, and silacrown have been successfully incorporated onto the particles by copolymerization.
Abstract: Uniform polystyrene particles in 1–10 μm size range and up to 40% solid contents have been prepared by polymerizing styrene in ethyl alcohol with azo-type initiators and a polymeric stabilizer polyvinylpyrrolidone along with an anionic, nonionic, or comonomeric co-stabilizer. Effects of polymerization parameters, such as monomer concentration, type of co-stabilizer, initiator type and concentration, crosslinking monomer, and diluent on average particle size and size distribution have been studied. Functional groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, amine, amide, silane, polydimethylsiloxane, and silacrown have been successfully incorporated onto the particles by copolymerization. A mechanism for particle formation and growth in dispersion polymerization is presented.
433 citations
TL;DR: Tissue distribution, blood clearance and excretion of biodegradable cyanoacrylic nanoparticles, and the enzymatic contribution to the degradation of the nanoparticles in vivo are described.
313 citations
TL;DR: The diagnosis of massive pulmonary embolism is frequently difficult and always uncertain, primarily because the symptoms and signs may mimic those of some other diseases, such as myocardial infarction or pneumonia.
Abstract: THE diagnosis of massive pulmonary embolism is frequently difficult and always uncertain, primarily because the symptoms and signs may mimic those of some other diseases, such as myocardial infarction or pneumonia. Ancillary examinations, including x-ray study of the chest and electrocardiography, are rarely definitive. The diagnosis can be suspected when sudden dyspnea, pleural pain, hemoptysis, syncope or a bloody pleural effusion occurs in patients who are predisposed to pulmonary embolism — that is, those who are suffering from congestive heart failure or polycythemia, or who are bedridden, as during the postoperative or postpartum state. A high degree of suspicion is . . .
272 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a method for preparation of stable emulsions of slightly water soluble compounds is described, which implies that the slightly water-soluble compound diffuses through water and becomes absorbed into polymer particles which in a previous step have been brought to absorb a water insoluble, relatively low molecular weight compound.
Abstract: A novel method for preparation of stable emulsions of slightly water soluble compounds is described. The method implies that the slightly water soluble compound diffuses through water and becomes absorbed into polymer particles which in a previous step have been brought to absorb a water insoluble, relatively low molecular weight compound. By this two step swelling process the polymer particles can be brought to absorb more than 100 times their own volume of the low molecular weight compounds to form stable o/w emulsions of the latter, with high oil content, and with a droplet size and size distribution which is completely determined by the size of the polymer particles in the latex applied initially. Monodisperse emulsions with large droplet size could easily be prepared. When the slightly water soluble compound added in the second step is a vinyl monomer which may subsequently be polymerized, the method represents a seed technique which is especially favourable for preparation of latexes with large particles size, including monodisperse latexes, with high solid content.
267 citations