Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless Networks: Potentials and Challenges
05 Feb 2014-Vol. 102, Iss: 3, pp 366-385
TL;DR: Measurements and capacity studies are surveyed to assess mmW technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments and it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities.
Abstract: Millimeter-wave (mmW) frequencies between 30 and 300 GHz are a new frontier for cellular communication that offers the promise of orders of magnitude greater bandwidths combined with further gains via beamforming and spatial multiplexing from multielement antenna arrays. This paper surveys measurements and capacity studies to assess this technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments. The conclusions are extremely encouraging; measurements in New York City at 28 and 73 GHz demonstrate that, even in an urban canyon environment, significant non-line-of-sight (NLOS) outdoor, street-level coverage is possible up to approximately 200 m from a potential low-power microcell or picocell base station. In addition, based on statistical channel models from these measurements, it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities. Cellular systems, however, will need to be significantly redesigned to fully achieve these gains. Specifically, the requirement of highly directional and adaptive transmissions, directional isolation between links, and significant possibilities of outage have strong implications on multiple access, channel structure, synchronization, and receiver design. To address these challenges, the paper discusses how various technologies including adaptive beamforming, multihop relaying, heterogeneous network architectures, and carrier aggregation can be leveraged in the mmW context.
Citations
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18 May 2016
TL;DR: Communications spectrum—that is, the set of electromagnetic frequencies suitable for communications and radar—is a precious resource that is limited and has a far-reaching impact on economic activity and national security.
Abstract: Communications spectrum—that is, the set of electromagnetic frequencies suitable for communications and radar—is a precious resource. Like oil,it is limited and has a far-reaching impact on economic activity and national security. However, unlike oil, it cannot be stored for later use, and it cannot be exported, although it can be reused. Depending on the licensing regime, spectrum can have the characteristics of a private good or a common good. Spectrum can also be locally traded, and it can, by application of scientific creativity, be made more productive. Much research needs to be done in order to achieve the fullest possible productivity.
35 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...for wireless millimeter-wave backhaul [35]....
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...An ultimate objective is to create intelligent cognitive radios that can automatically and seamlessly share spectrum, and to optimize their transmission parameters [35]....
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TL;DR: Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed two NUQ codebooks-based hybrid precoding schemes achieve near-optimal spectral efficiencies and show the superiority in reducing the feedback overhead compared with the uniform quantization codebook-based works.
Abstract: In this paper, we propose two non-uniform quantization (NUQ) codebook-based hybrid precoding schemes for two main hybrid precoding implementations, i.e., the full-connected structure and the sub-connected structure, to reduce the feedback overhead in millimeter wave single user multiple-input multiple-output systems. Specifically, we firstly group the angles of the arrive/departures (AOAs/AODs) of the scattering paths into several spatial lobes by exploiting the sparseness property of the millimeter wave in the angular domain, which divides the total angular domain into effective spatial lobes’ coverage angles and ineffective coverage angles. Then, we map the quantization bits non-uniformly to different coverage angles and construct NUQ codebooks, where high numbers of quantization bits are employed for the effective coverage angles to quantize AoAs/AoDs and zero quantization bit is employed for ineffective coverage angles. Finally, two low-complexity hybrid analog/digital precoding schemes are proposed, which utilize the NUQ codebooks. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed two NUQ codebook-based hybrid precoding schemes achieve near-optimal spectral efficiencies and show the superiority in reducing the feedback overhead compared with the uniform quantization codebook-based works.
35 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...Therefore, millimeter wave MIMO has been a promising candidate for future cellular networks [7], [8]....
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06 Jun 2019
TL;DR: This letter treats un licensed band as a common pool of resources susceptible to collapse if overexploited, and investigates the concept of pricing users’ power investment in the unlicensed band, in order to control spectrum fragility.
Abstract: This letter presents a novel resource management and control framework in order to address the spectrum fragility in fifth generation wireless networks, supporting both licensed and unlicensed band access. In particular, we treat unlicensed band as a common pool of resources (CPR) susceptible to collapse if overexploited, and investigate the concept of pricing users’ power investment in the unlicensed band, in order to control spectrum fragility. User risk perceptions under probabilistic uncertainty are modeled via prospect theory and the tragedy of the commons. The corresponding problem is confronted as a Fragile CPR game with pricing, and convergence to Nash equilibrium is obtained through S-modular game theory. The impact of pricing on spectrum fragility and overall network performance, is evaluated via modeling and simulation.
35 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...Such bands, operating between 10 and 300 GHz, provide abundant bandwidth and have arisen as a promising solution in 5G networks to address capacity shortages by unlocking spectrum of much higher magnitude [13], [14]....
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...Directional mm-Wave transmissions can isolate users and lead to coverage holes with path losses changing rapidly, while processing power consumption can increase leading to more intense power drain [14]....
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Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors consider a mmWave cellular system where an operator that primarily owns an exclusive-use license of a certain band can sell a restricted secondary license of the same band to another operator.
Abstract: Sharing the spectrum among multiple operators seems promising in millimeter wave (mmWave) systems. One explanation is the highly directional transmission in mmWave, which reduces the interference caused by one network on the other networks sharing the same resources. In this paper, we model a mmWave cellular system where an operator that primarily owns an exclusive-use license of a certain band can sell a restricted secondary license of the same band to another operator. This secondary network has a restriction on the maximum interference it can cause to the original network. Using stochastic geometry, we derive expressions for the coverage and rate of both networks, and establish the feasibility of secondary licensing in licensed mmWave bands. To explain economic trade-offs, we consider a revenue-pricing model for both operators in the presence of a central licensing authority. Our results show that the original operator and central network authority can benefit from secondary licensing when the maximum interference threshold is properly adjusted. This means that the original operator and central licensing authority have an incentive to permit a secondary network to restrictively share the spectrum. Our results also illustrate that the spectrum sharing gains increase with narrow beams and when the network densifies.
34 citations
TL;DR: This paper investigates the bandwidth and power allocation problem in remote radio head cluster (RRHC)-based millimeter wave (mm-wave) massive MIMO heterogeneous cloud radio access networks with limited fronthaul capacity and proposes the price-based outer iteration and the weighted minimum mean square error-based inner iteration to obtain the power allocation.
Abstract: In this paper, we investigate the bandwidth and power allocation problem in remote radio head cluster (RRHC)-based millimeter wave (mm-wave) massive MIMO heterogeneous cloud radio access networks with limited fronthaul capacity. The coordinated multipoint transmission is applied in each RRHC for cancelling the intra-cluster interference. To avoid the inter-tier interference, distinct bandwidths are allocated to macro base station and RRHs. Following this, we formulate a bandwidth and power allocation optimization problem to maximize the downlink weighted sum rate of the system subject to per-RRHC power and fronthaul capacity constraints, which is a non-convex optimization problem and is difficult to directly solve. Next, we fix the bandwidth allocation and the original problem can be divided into two independent optimization problems, i.e., the weighted sum rate maximization problems of MUs and RRH users, respectively. For the former, the convex optimization technique can be used to solve it. As for the latter, a two-loop iterative algorithm is proposed to deal with it. Specifically, we propose the price-based outer iteration to control the fronthaul capacity and the weighted minimum mean square error-based inner iteration to obtain the power allocation. To this end, a 1-D search method is adopted to find the optimal bandwidth allocation. Finally, numerical results are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms under different parameters.
34 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...It is necessary to investigate the mmwave application since the wide bandwidth resources and smaller wavelengths make it as a promising candidate in future wireless network [27], [28]....
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References
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Book•
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher:
The indispensable guide to wireless communicationsnow fully revised and updated!
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step.
Coverage includes:
An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond
Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more
Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation
Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding
New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives
New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE
Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies
Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references
Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems
Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technologytoday's and tomorrow's.
17,102 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...Also, the human body and many outdoor materials being very reflective, allow them to be important scatterers for mmW propagation [28], [30]....
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...However, these measurements were performed in an outdoor campus setting with much lower building density and greater opportunities for LOS connectivity than would be found in a typical urban deployment....
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...Despite the potential of mmW cellular systems, there are a number of key challenges to realizing the vision of cellular networks in these bands: • Range and directional communication: Friis’ transmis- sion law [54] states that the free space omnidirectional path loss grows with the square of the…...
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TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
6,708 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In both 28- and 73-GHz measurements, each point was classified as either being in a NLOS or LOS situation, based on a manual classification made at the time of the measurements; see [26] and [28]–[33]....
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...• Empirical NYC: These curves are based on the omnidirectional path loss predicted by our linear model (1) for the mmW channel with the parameters from Table 1, as derived from the directional measurements in [26]....
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...Details of the measurements can be found in [26], [28]– [33], [81]....
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...This tremendous potential has led to considerable recent interest in mmW cellular both in industry [7]–[9], [18], [19] and academia [20]–[26], with a growing belief that mmW bands will play a significant role in beyond 4G and 5G cellular systems [27]....
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...In particular, we survey our own measurements [26], [28]–[33] made in New York City (NYC) in both 28- and 73-GHz bands and the statistical models for the channels developed in [34]....
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TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.
Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].
5,158 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...These multiple antenna systems can be used to form very high gain, electrically steerable arrays, fabricated at the base station (BS), in the skin of a cellphone, or even within a chip [6], [10]–[17]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications.
Abstract: New research directions will lead to fundamental changes in the design of future fifth generation (5G) cellular networks. This article describes five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications. The key ideas for each technology are described, along with their potential impact on 5G and the research challenges that remain.
3,711 citations
TL;DR: The technical and business arguments for femtocells are overview and the state of the art on each front is described and the technical challenges facing femtocell networks are described and some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them are given.
Abstract: The surest way to increase the system capacity of a wireless link is by getting the transmitter and receiver closer to each other, which creates the dual benefits of higher-quality links and more spatial reuse. In a network with nomadic users, this inevitably involves deploying more infrastructure, typically in the form of microcells, hot spots, distributed antennas, or relays. A less expensive alternative is the recent concept of femtocells - also called home base stations - which are data access points installed by home users to get better indoor voice and data coverage. In this article we overview the technical and business arguments for femtocells and describe the state of the art on each front. We also describe the technical challenges facing femtocell networks and give some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them.
3,298 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...Heterogeneous networks, or HetNets, have been one of the most active research areas in cellular standards bodies in the last five years [45], [48], [67], [68], with the main focus being intercell interference coordination and load balancing....
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