Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless Networks: Potentials and Challenges
05 Feb 2014-Vol. 102, Iss: 3, pp 366-385
TL;DR: Measurements and capacity studies are surveyed to assess mmW technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments and it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities.
Abstract: Millimeter-wave (mmW) frequencies between 30 and 300 GHz are a new frontier for cellular communication that offers the promise of orders of magnitude greater bandwidths combined with further gains via beamforming and spatial multiplexing from multielement antenna arrays. This paper surveys measurements and capacity studies to assess this technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments. The conclusions are extremely encouraging; measurements in New York City at 28 and 73 GHz demonstrate that, even in an urban canyon environment, significant non-line-of-sight (NLOS) outdoor, street-level coverage is possible up to approximately 200 m from a potential low-power microcell or picocell base station. In addition, based on statistical channel models from these measurements, it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities. Cellular systems, however, will need to be significantly redesigned to fully achieve these gains. Specifically, the requirement of highly directional and adaptive transmissions, directional isolation between links, and significant possibilities of outage have strong implications on multiple access, channel structure, synchronization, and receiver design. To address these challenges, the paper discusses how various technologies including adaptive beamforming, multihop relaying, heterogeneous network architectures, and carrier aggregation can be leveraged in the mmW context.
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01 Nov 2016
TL;DR: The purpose is to demonstrate the performance of these relatively simple solutions, provide answers to some key design questions, and show the viability of providing high data rate broadband services in residential suburban environments in the cmWave and mmWave bands.
Abstract: With the standardization of 5G cellular systems now underway, new frequency bands are being considered for 5G deployments, namely, cmWave bands (3–30 GHz) and mmWave bands (30–100 GHz). An early use case for 5G in these non-traditional cellular bands is to provide fixed access wireless services to residential users in suburban neighborhoods. In this paper, we present a massive MIMO system concept for providing high data rate fixed wireless services in the suburban microcellular environment in the 28 GHz band. The MIMO system concept leverages relatively simple methodologies that can be deployed relatively quickly to enable fast introduction of 5G-like services. We investigate the impact on performance of several key system design aspects and various environmental effects. We leverage a recently-developed channel model for suburban microcellular deployments operating in the cmWave and mmWave bands. The purpose is demonstrate the performance of these relatively simple solutions, provide answers to some key design questions, and show the viability of providing high data rate broadband services in residential suburban environments in the cmWave and mmWave bands.
8 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...Of particular importance in the design of 5G systems is the need to operate in the nontraditional cellular bands such as the cmWave band (3-30 GHz) and the mmWave frequencies of 30-100 GHz due to the abundant spectrum available in those bands [4][5][6]....
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01 May 2018
TL;DR: By exploiting the sparse nature of mmWave channels, a sparsity-based channel estimation method is proposed to reduce training overhead and the computational complexity of hybrid precoding.
Abstract: Multi-panel MIMO is a promising technology in millimeter wave communications. Due to its partially hybrid structure and non-uniform antenna array, existing channel estimation and hybrid precoding cannot be directly applied to multipanel MIMO. In this paper, we study channel estimation and hybrid precoding for multi-panel MIMO. We first transform the channel response vector into angular domain and then reconstruct channel state information (CSI) by using the estimated angular CSI. Moreover, by exploiting the sparse nature of mmWave channels, a sparsity-based channel estimation method is proposed to reduce training overhead and the computational complexity of hybrid precoding. Numerical results show that the proposed channel estimation and hybrid precoding scheme achieve satisfactory spectral efficiency performance with greatly reduced training overhead and low computational complexity.
8 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...INTRODUCTION In order to meet the increasing demand for higher data rates, millimeter wave (mmWave) communications have been extensively studied due to its abundant spectral resources [1]–[3]....
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01 Jun 2017
TL;DR: Performance results show that frequency-domain iterative detection schemes which do not require matrix inversions and are suitable for m-MIMO systems employing Single- Carrier with Frequency-Domain Equalization (SC- FDE) modulations can approach the Matched Filter Bound with just a few iterations, even with significant correlation between different antenna elements.
Abstract: Massive MIMO (m-MIMO) schemes operating at mmWave bands are being proposed to be used in next generation wireless systems, bringing new challenges both in terms of detection techniques and the definition of channel models. In this paper, frequency-domain iterative detection schemes which do not require matrix inversions and are suitable for m-MIMO systems employing Single- Carrier with Frequency-Domain Equalization (SC- FDE) modulations are considered. These techniques are evaluated using a general clustered channel model for multilayer m-MIMO systems. Performance results show that these techniques can approach the Matched Filter Bound (MFB) with just a few iterations, even with significant correlation between different antenna elements.
8 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...Relying on them, there are already many works presenting some architectures to be used in fifth generation (5G) systems [4]–[6], and exploring several aspects of these techniques, such as channel models [7], [8], beamforming techniques [3], [9], [10] to improve coverage and separate users in a multiuser m-MIMO scenario, as well as, spatial multiplexing [1], [3]....
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...The demand for wireless systems with spectral efficiency is increasing, allowing an expected growth in user bit rates (a 10 to 100 times increase) and overall system throughput (about 1000 times increase) [1], bringing new challenges to the next generation systems....
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TL;DR: This paper discusses the feasibility of beam tracking against dynamics in millimeter wave (mmWave) nodes placed on overhead messenger wires, and implements deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to learn the relationships between the historical positions/velocities and appropriate beam-steering angles.
Abstract: This paper discusses the feasibility of beam tracking against dynamics in millimeter wave (mmWave) nodes placed on overhead messenger wires. As specific disturbances in on-wire deployments, we consider wind-forced perturbations and disturbances caused by impulsive forces to wires. Our contribution is to answer whether the historical positions/velocities of a mmWave node are useful to track directional beams, given the complicated on-wire dynamics. To this end, we implement deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to learn the relationships between the historical positions/velocities and appropriate beam-steering angles. Our numerical evaluations yielded the following key insights: First, against wind perturbations, an appropriate beam-tracking policy can be learned from the historical positions/velocities of a node. Second, against impulsive forces to the wire, the use of the position/velocity of the node is not necessarily sufficient, owing to the rapid node displacement. To resolve this, we propose taking advantage of the positional interaction on the wire. This is done by leveraging the positions/velocities of several points on the wire as state information in DRL. The results confirmed the avoidance of beam misalignment due to impulsive forces, which was not possible using only the position/velocity of the node.
8 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...This not only enables indoor high-speed Wi-Fi but also makes the concept of fiber-like connectivities such as outdoor mmWave wireless backhaul [1], [6], [7] or wireless-to-the-home systems [4] a reality....
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References
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Book•
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher:
The indispensable guide to wireless communicationsnow fully revised and updated!
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step.
Coverage includes:
An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond
Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more
Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation
Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding
New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives
New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE
Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies
Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references
Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems
Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technologytoday's and tomorrow's.
17,102 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...Also, the human body and many outdoor materials being very reflective, allow them to be important scatterers for mmW propagation [28], [30]....
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...However, these measurements were performed in an outdoor campus setting with much lower building density and greater opportunities for LOS connectivity than would be found in a typical urban deployment....
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...Despite the potential of mmW cellular systems, there are a number of key challenges to realizing the vision of cellular networks in these bands: • Range and directional communication: Friis’ transmis- sion law [54] states that the free space omnidirectional path loss grows with the square of the…...
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TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
6,708 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In both 28- and 73-GHz measurements, each point was classified as either being in a NLOS or LOS situation, based on a manual classification made at the time of the measurements; see [26] and [28]–[33]....
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...• Empirical NYC: These curves are based on the omnidirectional path loss predicted by our linear model (1) for the mmW channel with the parameters from Table 1, as derived from the directional measurements in [26]....
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...Details of the measurements can be found in [26], [28]– [33], [81]....
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...This tremendous potential has led to considerable recent interest in mmW cellular both in industry [7]–[9], [18], [19] and academia [20]–[26], with a growing belief that mmW bands will play a significant role in beyond 4G and 5G cellular systems [27]....
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...In particular, we survey our own measurements [26], [28]–[33] made in New York City (NYC) in both 28- and 73-GHz bands and the statistical models for the channels developed in [34]....
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TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.
Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].
5,158 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...These multiple antenna systems can be used to form very high gain, electrically steerable arrays, fabricated at the base station (BS), in the skin of a cellphone, or even within a chip [6], [10]–[17]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications.
Abstract: New research directions will lead to fundamental changes in the design of future fifth generation (5G) cellular networks. This article describes five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications. The key ideas for each technology are described, along with their potential impact on 5G and the research challenges that remain.
3,711 citations
TL;DR: The technical and business arguments for femtocells are overview and the state of the art on each front is described and the technical challenges facing femtocell networks are described and some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them are given.
Abstract: The surest way to increase the system capacity of a wireless link is by getting the transmitter and receiver closer to each other, which creates the dual benefits of higher-quality links and more spatial reuse. In a network with nomadic users, this inevitably involves deploying more infrastructure, typically in the form of microcells, hot spots, distributed antennas, or relays. A less expensive alternative is the recent concept of femtocells - also called home base stations - which are data access points installed by home users to get better indoor voice and data coverage. In this article we overview the technical and business arguments for femtocells and describe the state of the art on each front. We also describe the technical challenges facing femtocell networks and give some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them.
3,298 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...Heterogeneous networks, or HetNets, have been one of the most active research areas in cellular standards bodies in the last five years [45], [48], [67], [68], with the main focus being intercell interference coordination and load balancing....
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