Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless Networks: Potentials and Challenges
05 Feb 2014-Vol. 102, Iss: 3, pp 366-385
TL;DR: Measurements and capacity studies are surveyed to assess mmW technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments and it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities.
Abstract: Millimeter-wave (mmW) frequencies between 30 and 300 GHz are a new frontier for cellular communication that offers the promise of orders of magnitude greater bandwidths combined with further gains via beamforming and spatial multiplexing from multielement antenna arrays. This paper surveys measurements and capacity studies to assess this technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments. The conclusions are extremely encouraging; measurements in New York City at 28 and 73 GHz demonstrate that, even in an urban canyon environment, significant non-line-of-sight (NLOS) outdoor, street-level coverage is possible up to approximately 200 m from a potential low-power microcell or picocell base station. In addition, based on statistical channel models from these measurements, it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities. Cellular systems, however, will need to be significantly redesigned to fully achieve these gains. Specifically, the requirement of highly directional and adaptive transmissions, directional isolation between links, and significant possibilities of outage have strong implications on multiple access, channel structure, synchronization, and receiver design. To address these challenges, the paper discusses how various technologies including adaptive beamforming, multihop relaying, heterogeneous network architectures, and carrier aggregation can be leveraged in the mmW context.
Citations
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01 Jan 2020
TL;DR: In this article, a dual-band circularly polarized truncated corner microstrip antenna is simulated and fabricated to operate over millimeter wave frequencies for modern mobile applications, which has a high gain to resist the losses in millimeter band.
Abstract: In this paper, a dual-band circularly polarized truncated corner microstrip antenna is simulated and fabricated to operate over millimeter wave frequencies for modern mobile applications. The propose antenna is designed as monolayer circularly polarized patch antenna fed by single-fed strip-line that has been taken to provide better resonating frequency. Further, this antenna has a high gain to resist the losses in millimeter band. Also, the truncated corners and the L-shaped slots in the proposed antenna have a big effect of the antenna performance. This proposed antenna is simulated by CST 2016. Also, the experimental results are measured by R&S®ZVA67 VNA (Vector Network Analyzer). Finally, the measured and simulated results are more closed to each other.
7 citations
TL;DR: Numerical results validated the proposed analytical model and revealed the effect of channel parameters on both LCR and AFD in the mmW bands, as well as providing a stochastic sum-of-sinusoids mmW channel simulator for comparison with analytical results.
Abstract: Millimeter waves (mmWs) are considered as one of the most promising technologies for future 5G networks. The current study presents a three-dimensional (3D) geometry-based channel model for a fixed-to-mobile non-isotropic Ricean mmW scattering environment. According to this 3D reference model, the mmW complex faded envelope impulse response has been derived. This impulse response has been employed in estimating the second-order statistics of the mmW channel model. These statistics comprise both the 3D faded envelope level crossing rate (LCR) and the average fade duration (AFD). As a consequence, these statistics may contribute to the 5G network planning and engineering, especially for studying the phenomenon of fading with time, the 5G system characteristics, the handoff scenarios, and the relationship between the mobile user velocity and the fading rate. Furthermore, this study also provides a stochastic sum-of-sinusoids mmW channel simulator for comparison with analytical results. Numerical results validated the proposed analytical model and revealed the effect of channel parameters on both LCR and AFD in the mmW bands.
7 citations
01 Mar 2020
TL;DR: This article addresses a structured analysis compressive sensing for CE in a frequency selective mmWave LS‐MIMO system without neglecting the beam squint effect and proposes a block‐sparsity‐based CS approach that uses the simultaneous orthogonal matching pursuit method to estimate the mmWave channel.
Abstract: The hybrid architecture still be the most attractive solution for the analog‐digital beamforming in millimeter wave (mmWave) large‐scale multiple input multiple output (LS‐MIMO) systems, s...
7 citations
Cites background or methods from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...where cn ∈ C1×FK is the nth row vector of the sparse channel matrix [ h̃[1] h̃[2] ....
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...Furthermore, we can reshape [h[1]h[2]....
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...However, when accounting for the beam squint effect, the common sparsity property is not yet valid, that is, supp{h̃[1]} = 1 ....
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...yT[F] ]T ∈ CF×QMs , D = [XD[1] XD[2] ....
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...23,41 Therefore, {h̃[f ]}f=1 have a common sparsity support for all subcarriers which means supp{h̃[1]} = supp{h̃[2]} = ....
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Posted Content•
TL;DR: This paper studied from one-bit quantized samples where variational line spectral estimation (VALSE) combined expectation propagation (EP) VALSE-EP method is proposed and can be easily extended to solve the LSE with the multiple measurement vectors (MMVs).
Abstract: In this paper, the line spectral estimation (LSE) problem is studied from one-bit quantized samples where variational line spectral estimation (VALSE) combined expectation propagation (EP) VALSE-EP method is proposed. Since the original measurements are heavily quantized, performing the off-grid frequency estimation is very challenging. Referring to the expectation propagation (EP) principle, this quantized model is decomposed as two modules, one is the componentwise minimum mean square error (MMSE) module, the other is the standard linear model where the variational line spectrum estimation (VALSE) algorithm can be performed. The VALSE-EP algorithm iterates between the two modules in a turbo manner. In addition, this algorithm can be easily extended to solve the LSE with the multiple measurement vectors (MMVs). Finally, numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed VALSE-EP method.
7 citations
Additional excerpts
..., 10-12 bits) analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) [19]....
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TL;DR: This paper overcomes the TPCP by making full use of the mmWave spectrum via efficient cache utilization and proposes a novel cache-enabled TCP framework called mmWave TCP (mmTCP) with two key functionalities, including a batch retransmission and an online cache management.
Abstract: Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications are a key enabler of gigabit access using large spectrum resources. Most relevant works focus on the design of radio access networks (RANs), but a transport layer design tends to be overlooked despite its importance as a data supply to the RAN. Recent studies reported that transmission control protocol (TCP)—the de facto standard for the transport layer—is problematic in mm-Wave communications because the sending rate cannot be controlled due to the drastic channel status change between line-of-sight (LoS) and non-LoS (NLoS); this is known as TCP performance collapse problem (TPCP). The TPCP can be alleviated if a cache is deployed in a base station, such that TCP packets from servers are stored in the cache during NLoS and forwarded to the RAN immediately when the channel becomes LoS. This paper overcomes the TPCP by making full use of the mmWave spectrum via efficient cache utilization. Here, a caching gain is analyzed and defined as the end-to-end rate ratio between TCPs with and without cache. This results show that the gain is maximized by forwarding packets to the RAN whenever the wireless channel is available. Based on this, we propose a novel cache-enabled TCP framework called mmWave TCP (mmTCP) with two key functionalities. The first is a batch retransmission, where packets likely to be lost during NLoS are simultaneously retransmitted once the channel becomes LoS. The second is an online cache management, where the cache is being reallocated to different users given the current channel and cache status. The performance of the mmTCP is evaluated by a realistic network simulator–version 3 under different environments, such that 48% and 10% end-to-end rate improvements are made in single- and multi-user cases, respectively.
7 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications will likely play a key role in enabling gigabit access for 5G networks by extending available bandwidth [1]....
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References
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Book•
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher:
The indispensable guide to wireless communicationsnow fully revised and updated!
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step.
Coverage includes:
An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond
Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more
Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation
Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding
New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives
New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE
Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies
Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references
Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems
Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technologytoday's and tomorrow's.
17,102 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...Also, the human body and many outdoor materials being very reflective, allow them to be important scatterers for mmW propagation [28], [30]....
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...However, these measurements were performed in an outdoor campus setting with much lower building density and greater opportunities for LOS connectivity than would be found in a typical urban deployment....
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...Despite the potential of mmW cellular systems, there are a number of key challenges to realizing the vision of cellular networks in these bands: • Range and directional communication: Friis’ transmis- sion law [54] states that the free space omnidirectional path loss grows with the square of the…...
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TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
6,708 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In both 28- and 73-GHz measurements, each point was classified as either being in a NLOS or LOS situation, based on a manual classification made at the time of the measurements; see [26] and [28]–[33]....
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...• Empirical NYC: These curves are based on the omnidirectional path loss predicted by our linear model (1) for the mmW channel with the parameters from Table 1, as derived from the directional measurements in [26]....
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...Details of the measurements can be found in [26], [28]– [33], [81]....
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...This tremendous potential has led to considerable recent interest in mmW cellular both in industry [7]–[9], [18], [19] and academia [20]–[26], with a growing belief that mmW bands will play a significant role in beyond 4G and 5G cellular systems [27]....
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...In particular, we survey our own measurements [26], [28]–[33] made in New York City (NYC) in both 28- and 73-GHz bands and the statistical models for the channels developed in [34]....
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TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.
Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].
5,158 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...These multiple antenna systems can be used to form very high gain, electrically steerable arrays, fabricated at the base station (BS), in the skin of a cellphone, or even within a chip [6], [10]–[17]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications.
Abstract: New research directions will lead to fundamental changes in the design of future fifth generation (5G) cellular networks. This article describes five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications. The key ideas for each technology are described, along with their potential impact on 5G and the research challenges that remain.
3,711 citations
TL;DR: The technical and business arguments for femtocells are overview and the state of the art on each front is described and the technical challenges facing femtocell networks are described and some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them are given.
Abstract: The surest way to increase the system capacity of a wireless link is by getting the transmitter and receiver closer to each other, which creates the dual benefits of higher-quality links and more spatial reuse. In a network with nomadic users, this inevitably involves deploying more infrastructure, typically in the form of microcells, hot spots, distributed antennas, or relays. A less expensive alternative is the recent concept of femtocells - also called home base stations - which are data access points installed by home users to get better indoor voice and data coverage. In this article we overview the technical and business arguments for femtocells and describe the state of the art on each front. We also describe the technical challenges facing femtocell networks and give some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them.
3,298 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...Heterogeneous networks, or HetNets, have been one of the most active research areas in cellular standards bodies in the last five years [45], [48], [67], [68], with the main focus being intercell interference coordination and load balancing....
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