Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless Networks: Potentials and Challenges
05 Feb 2014-Vol. 102, Iss: 3, pp 366-385
TL;DR: Measurements and capacity studies are surveyed to assess mmW technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments and it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities.
Abstract: Millimeter-wave (mmW) frequencies between 30 and 300 GHz are a new frontier for cellular communication that offers the promise of orders of magnitude greater bandwidths combined with further gains via beamforming and spatial multiplexing from multielement antenna arrays. This paper surveys measurements and capacity studies to assess this technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments. The conclusions are extremely encouraging; measurements in New York City at 28 and 73 GHz demonstrate that, even in an urban canyon environment, significant non-line-of-sight (NLOS) outdoor, street-level coverage is possible up to approximately 200 m from a potential low-power microcell or picocell base station. In addition, based on statistical channel models from these measurements, it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities. Cellular systems, however, will need to be significantly redesigned to fully achieve these gains. Specifically, the requirement of highly directional and adaptive transmissions, directional isolation between links, and significant possibilities of outage have strong implications on multiple access, channel structure, synchronization, and receiver design. To address these challenges, the paper discusses how various technologies including adaptive beamforming, multihop relaying, heterogeneous network architectures, and carrier aggregation can be leveraged in the mmW context.
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13 Jul 2018
TL;DR: Some wireless communication scenarios where UAVs can be utilized to ensure better coverage, enhancement of efficiency and capacity, and several challenges for UAV assisted wireless networks and the scopes of further enhancement of such kind of networks are represented.
Abstract: Recently, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have grabbed impressive attention from industry and research network, because of the fastergrowth in a wide scope of applications. Especially, UAVs are being utilized to ensure a better solution to a dependable and cost-effective wireless communication network from the sky. The adoption of UAVs has been considered as an alternative supplement of existing cellular networks, to accomplish better transmission efficiency with enhanced coverage and network capacity. This article has represented some wireless communication scenarios where UAVs can be utilized to ensure better coverage, enhancement of efficiency and capacity. After that, to establish the effectiveness of UAVs in wireless communication thepaper has included several performance scenarios (path loss, attenuation, and data rate) after utilizing UAVs in the wireless network. Finally concluded with discussing several challengesfor UAV assisted wireless networks and the scopes of further enhancement of such kind of networks. This article might be informative to those who are engaged in research regarding UAV assisted wireless communication.
7 citations
01 Aug 2018
TL;DR: Simulations show that with the control of BESS, MPTCP can sufficiently use the bandwidth of mmWave networks, and improve networks robustness when mmWave link is switched from LOS to NLOS condition.
Abstract: In recent years, millimeter wave (mmWave) communications, considered as a compelling technology to achieve throughput improvement target of the fifth generation (5G) mobile networks, is quickly attracting attention in both scientific and industrial communities. To enhance reliability of mmWave link, mmWave-LTE networks with MPTCP could be used as an effective solution due to its path diversity. However, the poor performance of MPTCP is found in mmWave-LTE networks based on previous studies. In this paper, we identify the reason of the preceding problem which is the congestion window overgrowth in Slow Start phase, and propose a BDP Estimation Based Slow Start (BESS) algorithm for MPTCP to address this problem. Our simulations show that with the control of BESS, MPTCP can sufficiently use the bandwidth of mmWave networks, and improve networks robustness when mmWave link is switched from LOS to NLOS condition.
7 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...However, some characteristics of mmWave including high propagation loss, directivity and sensitivity to blockage pose significant challenges to maintain reliable and efficient transmission on mmWave links [3]....
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TL;DR: The physical features of future mmwave communication networks are discussed and the requirements for proper exposure compliance assessment are described, and leading technologies that can be prospectively used for mm-wave exposure compliance are surveyed.
Abstract: In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in millimeterwave (mm-wave) technologies operating at frequencies between 10 and 300 GHz. mm-wave communication provides higher transfer rates that will be employed in the next-generation wireless networks. However, mm-wave device exposure compliance assessment is challenging due to a reduced wavelength and an increased number of antennas. In this article, we discuss physical features of future mmwave communication networks and describe the requirements for proper exposure compliance assessment. Leading technologies that can be prospectively used for mm-wave exposure compliance are surveyed. Their pros and cons with respect to operating frequency, availability, sensitivity, and speed are discussed.
7 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...Several propagation studies at 28 and 73 GHz have shown that for nonline-of-site conditions, sufficient signal strength can be detected between 100 and 200 m with under 1 W of transmit power [4]....
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...The tremendous potential associated with mm-wave devices has led to considerable interest from both academia and industry [4], with the belief that mm-wave technology will be utilized for the next-generation wireless devices....
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08 Apr 2019
TL;DR: It is shown mathematically that in pure Line of Sight (LoS) channels, using hybrid beamforming with Zero Forcing (ZF) at the baseband can achieve equivalent Spectral Efficiency (SE) compared to the full digital ZF precoding, with lower hardware complexity, and lower power consumption.
Abstract: Recently, Millimeter Wave (mmWave) systems have emerged as a potential solution for the spectrum secrecy problem suffered by current wireless technologies. However, practically implementing such systems is challenging as they suffer from high hardware complexity and power consumption. Therefore, analog beamforming is considered the most suitable approach for practical implementation of such systems, relaxing the hardware and power consumption requirements compared to full digital beamforming solution. Moreover, hybrid beamforming solutions emerged as an attractive solution that can capture the tradeoff between digital and analog ones. In this paper we show mathematically that in pure Line of Sight (LoS) channels, using hybrid beamforming with Zero Forcing (ZF) at the baseband can achieve equivalent Spectral Efficiency (SE) compared to the full digital ZF precoding, with lower hardware complexity, and lower power consumption. Moreover, we validate the equivalence in SE performance between hybrid ZF and digital ZF by simulation results.
7 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...• Propagation Channel: At high frequencies the propagation channel is sparse and Line of Sight (LoS) dominated [6]....
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20 May 2019
TL;DR: This paper seeks to provide an efficient solution to simultaneously conduct user scheduling and frequency-selective hybrid precoding for a broadband multiuser mmWave MIMO system and re-formulates the issue using the framework of stochastic-optimization.
Abstract: The study of frequency-selective hybrid precoding for broadband millimeter wave (mmWave) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems has recently attracted major research interest. In this paper, we seek to provide an efficient solution to simultaneously conduct user scheduling and frequency-selective hybrid precoding for a broadband multiuser mmWave MIMO system. More specifically, we re-formulate the issue using the framework of stochastic-optimization. By utilizing the powerful tool of Lyapunov optimization, a dynamic weighted sum-rate maximization problem is formulated, towards which we develop an algorithm that simultaneously conducts i) user scheduling, ii) multi-carrier resource allocation, and iii) frequency-selective precoder design. It is also demonstrated that the proposed framework is capable of asymptotically optimizing a given stochastic utility (e.g. long-term sum rate). Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm.
7 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...INTRODUCTION The concept of millimeter wave (mmWave) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) has long been acknowledged as a key technology for achieving high-speed communications and ultra-dense networking for the next-generation (5G) cellular networks [1]....
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References
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Book•
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher:
The indispensable guide to wireless communicationsnow fully revised and updated!
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step.
Coverage includes:
An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond
Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more
Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation
Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding
New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives
New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE
Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies
Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references
Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems
Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technologytoday's and tomorrow's.
17,102 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...Also, the human body and many outdoor materials being very reflective, allow them to be important scatterers for mmW propagation [28], [30]....
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...However, these measurements were performed in an outdoor campus setting with much lower building density and greater opportunities for LOS connectivity than would be found in a typical urban deployment....
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...Despite the potential of mmW cellular systems, there are a number of key challenges to realizing the vision of cellular networks in these bands: • Range and directional communication: Friis’ transmis- sion law [54] states that the free space omnidirectional path loss grows with the square of the…...
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TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
6,708 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In both 28- and 73-GHz measurements, each point was classified as either being in a NLOS or LOS situation, based on a manual classification made at the time of the measurements; see [26] and [28]–[33]....
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...• Empirical NYC: These curves are based on the omnidirectional path loss predicted by our linear model (1) for the mmW channel with the parameters from Table 1, as derived from the directional measurements in [26]....
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...Details of the measurements can be found in [26], [28]– [33], [81]....
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...This tremendous potential has led to considerable recent interest in mmW cellular both in industry [7]–[9], [18], [19] and academia [20]–[26], with a growing belief that mmW bands will play a significant role in beyond 4G and 5G cellular systems [27]....
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...In particular, we survey our own measurements [26], [28]–[33] made in New York City (NYC) in both 28- and 73-GHz bands and the statistical models for the channels developed in [34]....
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TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.
Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].
5,158 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...These multiple antenna systems can be used to form very high gain, electrically steerable arrays, fabricated at the base station (BS), in the skin of a cellphone, or even within a chip [6], [10]–[17]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications.
Abstract: New research directions will lead to fundamental changes in the design of future fifth generation (5G) cellular networks. This article describes five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications. The key ideas for each technology are described, along with their potential impact on 5G and the research challenges that remain.
3,711 citations
TL;DR: The technical and business arguments for femtocells are overview and the state of the art on each front is described and the technical challenges facing femtocell networks are described and some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them are given.
Abstract: The surest way to increase the system capacity of a wireless link is by getting the transmitter and receiver closer to each other, which creates the dual benefits of higher-quality links and more spatial reuse. In a network with nomadic users, this inevitably involves deploying more infrastructure, typically in the form of microcells, hot spots, distributed antennas, or relays. A less expensive alternative is the recent concept of femtocells - also called home base stations - which are data access points installed by home users to get better indoor voice and data coverage. In this article we overview the technical and business arguments for femtocells and describe the state of the art on each front. We also describe the technical challenges facing femtocell networks and give some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them.
3,298 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...Heterogeneous networks, or HetNets, have been one of the most active research areas in cellular standards bodies in the last five years [45], [48], [67], [68], with the main focus being intercell interference coordination and load balancing....
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