Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless Networks: Potentials and Challenges
05 Feb 2014-Vol. 102, Iss: 3, pp 366-385
TL;DR: Measurements and capacity studies are surveyed to assess mmW technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments and it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities.
Abstract: Millimeter-wave (mmW) frequencies between 30 and 300 GHz are a new frontier for cellular communication that offers the promise of orders of magnitude greater bandwidths combined with further gains via beamforming and spatial multiplexing from multielement antenna arrays. This paper surveys measurements and capacity studies to assess this technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments. The conclusions are extremely encouraging; measurements in New York City at 28 and 73 GHz demonstrate that, even in an urban canyon environment, significant non-line-of-sight (NLOS) outdoor, street-level coverage is possible up to approximately 200 m from a potential low-power microcell or picocell base station. In addition, based on statistical channel models from these measurements, it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities. Cellular systems, however, will need to be significantly redesigned to fully achieve these gains. Specifically, the requirement of highly directional and adaptive transmissions, directional isolation between links, and significant possibilities of outage have strong implications on multiple access, channel structure, synchronization, and receiver design. To address these challenges, the paper discusses how various technologies including adaptive beamforming, multihop relaying, heterogeneous network architectures, and carrier aggregation can be leveraged in the mmW context.
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01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: The circuits and systems for wireless communications is universally compatible with any devices to read and an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly.
Abstract: circuits and systems for wireless communications is available in our book collection an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our book servers spans in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Merely said, the circuits and systems for wireless communications is universally compatible with any devices to read.
6 citations
01 Aug 2018
TL;DR: The mathematical model of the precoding for relay assisted system is reconstructed and an algorithm based on alternating direction method of multipliers to optimize the objective function is designed to provide a near optimal solution to the original precoding problem.
Abstract: Beamforming with multiple data streams, or named as precoding, plays a significant role in millimeter-wave massive MIMO systems. If properly designed, the precoding can improve spectral efficiency of the system and compensate for the degradation caused by channels. Although the classical full-digital precoding can achieve the optimal performance, it is too expensive for implementation. To reduce cost and power consumption, some hybrid structures of precoding are recently proposed while their precoding schemes have not been extensively studied. In this paper, the mathematical model of the precoding for relay assisted system is reconstructed. The objective function is highly non-convex and has some complex constraints. Especially the block-diagonal constraint and constant-modulus constraint make the classical precoding methods based on singular value decomposition not applicable. We design an algorithm based on alternating direction method of multipliers to optimize the objective function. By deliberating over the iteration order of the variables, we give the convergent condition of the proposed algorithm. This paper focused on sub-connected precoding structures since they have more constraints. Meanwhile, the proposed algorithm can be applied to full-connected structures simply. We present the simulation results which indicate that the proposed algorithm can provide a near optimal solution to the original precoding problem.
6 citations
Cites methods from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...In this perspective, massive multipleinput multiple-output (MIMO) system can be employed to allay degradation [4]....
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Posted Content•
TL;DR: An efficient grid-less Bayesian algorithm named VALSE-EP is proposed, which is a combination of the high resolution and low complexity gridless variational line spectral estimation (VALSE) and expectation propagation (EP).
Abstract: Efficient estimation of line spectral from quantized samples is of significant importance in information theory and signal processing, e.g., channel estimation in energy efficient massive MIMO systems and direction of arrival estimation. The goal of this paper is to recover the line spectral as well as its corresponding parameters including the model order, frequencies and amplitudes from heavily quantized samples. To this end, we propose an efficient grid-less Bayesian algorithm named VALSE-EP, which is a combination of the variational line spectral estimation (VALSE) and expectation propagation (EP). The basic idea of VALSE-EP is to iteratively approximate the challenging quantized model of line spectral estimation as a sequence of simple pseudo unquantized models so that the VALSE can be applied. Note that the noise in the pseudo linear model is heteroscedastic, i.e., different components having different variances, and a variant of the VALSE is re-derived to obtain the final VALSE-EP. Moreover, to obtain a benchmark performance of the proposed algorithm, the Cramer Rao bound (CRB) is derived. Finally, numerical experiments on both synthetic and real data are performed, demonstrating the near CRB performance of the proposed VALSE-EP for line spectral estimation from quantized samples.
6 citations
Additional excerpts
..., 10-12 bits) analogto-digital converters (ADCs) [22]....
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25 May 2020
TL;DR: The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed receive beamwidth controlling method in vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) wireless communication system is underpinned by both analytic and numerical simulation results.
Abstract: This paper studies a receive beamwidth controlling method in vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) wireless communication system using millimeter wave (mm-wave) band We use a triangular beam pattern to model and characterize a mm-wave receive beam pattern First of all, channel coherence time for line-of-sight (LoS) downlink transmission is derived under the given vehicular scenario Then, we derive an attainable data rate for the time varying vehicular channel, by supposing that the beam is realigned whenever the channel coherence time is elapsed In addition, the optimal receive beamwidth, which achieves the maximum point of the derived attainable data rate, is obtained The effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed receive beamwidth controlling method is underpinned by both analytic and numerical simulation results The results are also compared with a uniform linear array (ULA) beam pattern model and show that the triangular beam pattern model can well characterize the practical antenna model
6 citations
Cites background or methods from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...This is also aligned with the recent trend of using mmwave in the fifth generation (5G) and beyond 5G cellular communication systems [5]–[7]....
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...Using mm-wave bands for wireless communication necessitates directional beams at both the transmitter and receiver [5], [6], to compensate for severe signal power attenuation....
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27 Oct 2020
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a fully adaptive transceiver that adapts its behavior on a frame-by-frame basis, so that a mmWave hybrid MIMO system always operates in the most energy efficient manner.
Abstract: At millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies, the higher cost and power consumption of hardware components in multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) systems do not allow beamforming entirely at the baseband with a separate radio frequency (RF) chain for each antenna. In such scenarios, to enable spatial multiplexing, hybrid beamforming, which uses phase shifters to connect a fewer number of RF chains to a large number of antennas is a cost effective and energy-saving alternative. This paper describes our research on fully adaptive transceivers that adapt their behaviour on a frame-by-frame basis, so that a mmWave hybrid MIMO system always operates in the most energy efficient manner. Exhaustive search based brute force approach is computationally intensive, so we study fractional programming as a low-cost alternative to solve the problem which maximizes energy efficiency. The performance results indicate that the resulting mmWave hybrid MIMO transceiver achieves significantly improved energy efficiency results compared to the baseline cases involving analogue-only or digital-only signal processing solutions, and shows performance trade-offs with the brute force approach.
6 citations
References
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Book•
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher:
The indispensable guide to wireless communicationsnow fully revised and updated!
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step.
Coverage includes:
An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond
Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more
Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation
Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding
New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives
New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE
Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies
Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references
Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems
Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technologytoday's and tomorrow's.
17,102 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...Also, the human body and many outdoor materials being very reflective, allow them to be important scatterers for mmW propagation [28], [30]....
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...However, these measurements were performed in an outdoor campus setting with much lower building density and greater opportunities for LOS connectivity than would be found in a typical urban deployment....
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...Despite the potential of mmW cellular systems, there are a number of key challenges to realizing the vision of cellular networks in these bands: • Range and directional communication: Friis’ transmis- sion law [54] states that the free space omnidirectional path loss grows with the square of the…...
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TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
6,708 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In both 28- and 73-GHz measurements, each point was classified as either being in a NLOS or LOS situation, based on a manual classification made at the time of the measurements; see [26] and [28]–[33]....
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...• Empirical NYC: These curves are based on the omnidirectional path loss predicted by our linear model (1) for the mmW channel with the parameters from Table 1, as derived from the directional measurements in [26]....
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...Details of the measurements can be found in [26], [28]– [33], [81]....
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...This tremendous potential has led to considerable recent interest in mmW cellular both in industry [7]–[9], [18], [19] and academia [20]–[26], with a growing belief that mmW bands will play a significant role in beyond 4G and 5G cellular systems [27]....
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...In particular, we survey our own measurements [26], [28]–[33] made in New York City (NYC) in both 28- and 73-GHz bands and the statistical models for the channels developed in [34]....
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TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.
Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].
5,158 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...These multiple antenna systems can be used to form very high gain, electrically steerable arrays, fabricated at the base station (BS), in the skin of a cellphone, or even within a chip [6], [10]–[17]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications.
Abstract: New research directions will lead to fundamental changes in the design of future fifth generation (5G) cellular networks. This article describes five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications. The key ideas for each technology are described, along with their potential impact on 5G and the research challenges that remain.
3,711 citations
TL;DR: The technical and business arguments for femtocells are overview and the state of the art on each front is described and the technical challenges facing femtocell networks are described and some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them are given.
Abstract: The surest way to increase the system capacity of a wireless link is by getting the transmitter and receiver closer to each other, which creates the dual benefits of higher-quality links and more spatial reuse. In a network with nomadic users, this inevitably involves deploying more infrastructure, typically in the form of microcells, hot spots, distributed antennas, or relays. A less expensive alternative is the recent concept of femtocells - also called home base stations - which are data access points installed by home users to get better indoor voice and data coverage. In this article we overview the technical and business arguments for femtocells and describe the state of the art on each front. We also describe the technical challenges facing femtocell networks and give some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them.
3,298 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...Heterogeneous networks, or HetNets, have been one of the most active research areas in cellular standards bodies in the last five years [45], [48], [67], [68], with the main focus being intercell interference coordination and load balancing....
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