Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless Networks: Potentials and Challenges
05 Feb 2014-Vol. 102, Iss: 3, pp 366-385
TL;DR: Measurements and capacity studies are surveyed to assess mmW technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments and it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities.
Abstract: Millimeter-wave (mmW) frequencies between 30 and 300 GHz are a new frontier for cellular communication that offers the promise of orders of magnitude greater bandwidths combined with further gains via beamforming and spatial multiplexing from multielement antenna arrays. This paper surveys measurements and capacity studies to assess this technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments. The conclusions are extremely encouraging; measurements in New York City at 28 and 73 GHz demonstrate that, even in an urban canyon environment, significant non-line-of-sight (NLOS) outdoor, street-level coverage is possible up to approximately 200 m from a potential low-power microcell or picocell base station. In addition, based on statistical channel models from these measurements, it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities. Cellular systems, however, will need to be significantly redesigned to fully achieve these gains. Specifically, the requirement of highly directional and adaptive transmissions, directional isolation between links, and significant possibilities of outage have strong implications on multiple access, channel structure, synchronization, and receiver design. To address these challenges, the paper discusses how various technologies including adaptive beamforming, multihop relaying, heterogeneous network architectures, and carrier aggregation can be leveraged in the mmW context.
Citations
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TL;DR: In this article , a UAV relay-assisted multi-BS mm-Wave massive MIMO system with hybrid beamforming architecture is proposed to mitigate the inter-user interference issues and achieve a better trade-off between performance and complexity in UAV-enabled communications.
Abstract: Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) relaying is deemed as a promising solution to enhance the achievable rate and widespread connectivity in millimeter-Wave (mm-Wave) systems for tomorrow’s 6G wireless networks. In this paper, we study both the performance and user association optimization for the UAV relay-assisted mm-Wave massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication system, where multiple base stations (BSs) serve their respective users with the help of one beamforming UAV relay. Both the beamforming and the UAV relay have essential impact on the achievable sum-rate of the system. Thus, a multi-user hybrid beamforming scheme is designed to mitigate the inter-user interference issues and achieve a better trade-off between performance and complexity in UAV-enabled communications. Also, to exploit UAV relay based architecture in serving different ground BS-user pairs, we propose a UAV relay-assisted multi-BS mm-Wave massive MIMO system with hybrid beamforming architecture, which prevent sudden link disconnections caused by high path loss and line-of-sight (LoS) blockage in mm-Wave frequency band. Then, we formulate a user association problem with multiple constraints so that the sumrate of the overall UAV relay-assisted mm-Wave massive MIMO system is maximized. Simulation results are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed UAV relay-enabled architecture.
6 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, a mmWave performance enhancing proxy (mmPEP) is proposed to overcome TCP performance collapse and exploit the properties of mmWave channels by sending the early Ack to the server not to decrease its sending rate even in the NLOS status.
Abstract: Recently, millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications have received great attention due to the availability of large spectrum resources. Nevertheless, their impact on TCP performance has been overlooked, which is observed that the said TCP performance collapse occurs owing to the significant difference in signal quality between LOS and NLOS links. We propose a novel TCP design for mmWave communications, a mmWave performance enhancing proxy (mmPEP), enabling not only to overcome TCP performance collapse but also exploit the properties of mmWave channels. The base station installs the TCP proxy to operate the two functionalities called Ack management and batch retransmission. Specifically, the proxy sends the said early-Ack to the server not to decrease its sending rate even in the NLOS status. In addition, when a packet-loss is detected, the proxy retransmits not only lost packets but also the certain number of the following packets expected to be lost too. It is verified by ns-3 simulation that compared with benchmark, mmPEP enhances the end-to-end rate and packet delivery ratio by maintaining high sending rate with decreasing the loss recovery time.
6 citations
01 Oct 2014
TL;DR: The delay spread characteristics were measured in an empty office room with only a partition for nonline of sight (NLOS), and compared the measured and simulated results of ray-tracing method at 60GHz to suggest a method to study thedelay spread characteristics at 28GHz for 5G service.
Abstract: Millimeter-wave has been used for high transmission rate fixed communication in line of sight and short range without problems due to multipath reflections. But if it is used for mobile communications, such as WLAN using at 60GHz and 5G using at 28GHz, the delay spread made of multipath reflections limits the transmission rate. The delay spread characteristics were measured in an empty office room with only a partition for nonline of sight (NLOS), and compared the measured and simulated results of ray-tracing method at 60GHz. Finally, we suggested a method to study the delay spread characteristics at 28GHz for 5G service.
6 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...Millimeterwave communication systems that can achieve multi gigabit data rates at a distance of up to a few kilometers already exist for point to point communication [1]....
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Patent•
AT&T1
TL;DR: In this paper, a broadcast communication system that is operable to detect a first power outage is described, where a first plurality of electromagnetic waves is generated for transmission to a plurality of user devices via a guided wave transceiver.
Abstract: Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, a broadcast communication system that is operable to detect a first power outage. A first plurality of electromagnetic waves is generated for transmission to a plurality of user devices of the broadcast communication system via a guided wave transceiver, where the first plurality of electromagnetic waves includes an outage status signal generated in response to detecting the first power outage, and where the first plurality of electromagnetic waves is guided by at least one transmission medium and propagates without utilizing an electrical return path. Other embodiments are disclosed.
6 citations
01 Nov 2017
TL;DR: This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the combination of SM and mmWave communications, with a special emphasis on the hybrid beamforming regimes for SM-motivated mmWave-MIMO systems.
Abstract: The emerging of millimeter wave (mmWave) communications has been widely predicted to revolutionize the traditional communications. On one hand, the large bandwidth provided by mmWave is orders of magnitudes larger than that provided by current microwave communications, which therefore supports much higher throughput as well as massive connectivity. On the other hand, the small wavelength of mmWave signals facilitates the application of massive antennas, thus benefiting from the powerful multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) beamforming and other MIMO signal processing techniques. However, mmWave-MIMO systems often suffer from prohibitive power consumption due to the massive antennas and radio frequency (RF) chains. Spatial modulation (SM) techniques have been proposed as a low-complexity, low-power-consumption MIMO candidate. More importantly, the idea of incorporating SM techniques into mmWave-MIMO systems has been proved effective for reducing the number of radio frequency (RF) chains, to which many research efforts have been devoted. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the combination of SM and mmWave communications, with a special emphasis on the hybrid beamforming regimes for SM-motivated mmWave-MIMO systems
6 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...Ranging from 30 to 300 GHz, the enormously large bandwidth provided by mmWave bands has led mmWave communications to become a brand new frontier for future wireless communications [2]....
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References
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Book•
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher:
The indispensable guide to wireless communicationsnow fully revised and updated!
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step.
Coverage includes:
An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond
Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more
Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation
Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding
New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives
New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE
Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies
Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references
Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems
Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technologytoday's and tomorrow's.
17,102 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...Also, the human body and many outdoor materials being very reflective, allow them to be important scatterers for mmW propagation [28], [30]....
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...However, these measurements were performed in an outdoor campus setting with much lower building density and greater opportunities for LOS connectivity than would be found in a typical urban deployment....
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...Despite the potential of mmW cellular systems, there are a number of key challenges to realizing the vision of cellular networks in these bands: • Range and directional communication: Friis’ transmis- sion law [54] states that the free space omnidirectional path loss grows with the square of the…...
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TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
6,708 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In both 28- and 73-GHz measurements, each point was classified as either being in a NLOS or LOS situation, based on a manual classification made at the time of the measurements; see [26] and [28]–[33]....
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...• Empirical NYC: These curves are based on the omnidirectional path loss predicted by our linear model (1) for the mmW channel with the parameters from Table 1, as derived from the directional measurements in [26]....
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...Details of the measurements can be found in [26], [28]– [33], [81]....
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...This tremendous potential has led to considerable recent interest in mmW cellular both in industry [7]–[9], [18], [19] and academia [20]–[26], with a growing belief that mmW bands will play a significant role in beyond 4G and 5G cellular systems [27]....
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...In particular, we survey our own measurements [26], [28]–[33] made in New York City (NYC) in both 28- and 73-GHz bands and the statistical models for the channels developed in [34]....
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TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.
Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].
5,158 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...These multiple antenna systems can be used to form very high gain, electrically steerable arrays, fabricated at the base station (BS), in the skin of a cellphone, or even within a chip [6], [10]–[17]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications.
Abstract: New research directions will lead to fundamental changes in the design of future fifth generation (5G) cellular networks. This article describes five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications. The key ideas for each technology are described, along with their potential impact on 5G and the research challenges that remain.
3,711 citations
TL;DR: The technical and business arguments for femtocells are overview and the state of the art on each front is described and the technical challenges facing femtocell networks are described and some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them are given.
Abstract: The surest way to increase the system capacity of a wireless link is by getting the transmitter and receiver closer to each other, which creates the dual benefits of higher-quality links and more spatial reuse. In a network with nomadic users, this inevitably involves deploying more infrastructure, typically in the form of microcells, hot spots, distributed antennas, or relays. A less expensive alternative is the recent concept of femtocells - also called home base stations - which are data access points installed by home users to get better indoor voice and data coverage. In this article we overview the technical and business arguments for femtocells and describe the state of the art on each front. We also describe the technical challenges facing femtocell networks and give some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them.
3,298 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...Heterogeneous networks, or HetNets, have been one of the most active research areas in cellular standards bodies in the last five years [45], [48], [67], [68], with the main focus being intercell interference coordination and load balancing....
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