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Journal ArticleDOI

Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless Networks: Potentials and Challenges

05 Feb 2014-Vol. 102, Iss: 3, pp 366-385
TL;DR: Measurements and capacity studies are surveyed to assess mmW technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments and it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities.
Abstract: Millimeter-wave (mmW) frequencies between 30 and 300 GHz are a new frontier for cellular communication that offers the promise of orders of magnitude greater bandwidths combined with further gains via beamforming and spatial multiplexing from multielement antenna arrays. This paper surveys measurements and capacity studies to assess this technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments. The conclusions are extremely encouraging; measurements in New York City at 28 and 73 GHz demonstrate that, even in an urban canyon environment, significant non-line-of-sight (NLOS) outdoor, street-level coverage is possible up to approximately 200 m from a potential low-power microcell or picocell base station. In addition, based on statistical channel models from these measurements, it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities. Cellular systems, however, will need to be significantly redesigned to fully achieve these gains. Specifically, the requirement of highly directional and adaptive transmissions, directional isolation between links, and significant possibilities of outage have strong implications on multiple access, channel structure, synchronization, and receiver design. To address these challenges, the paper discusses how various technologies including adaptive beamforming, multihop relaying, heterogeneous network architectures, and carrier aggregation can be leveraged in the mmW context.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, three strategies of SC in-band wireless backhaul in massive MIMO systems are introduced and compared, i.e., complete time division duplex (CTDD), zero-division duplex, and ZDD with interference rejection (ZDD-IR).
Abstract: Massive multiple-inputmultiple-output (MIMO) systems, dense small-cells (SCs), and full duplex are three candidate techniques for next-generation communication systems. The cooperation of next-generation techniques could offer more benefits, e.g., SC in-band wireless backhaul in massive MIMO systems. In this paper, three strategies of SC in-band wireless backhaul in massive MIMO systems are introduced and compared, i.e., complete time-division duplex (CTDD), zero-division duplex (ZDD), and ZDD with interference rejection (ZDD-IR). Simulation results demonstrate that SC in-band wireless backhaul has the potential to improve the throughput for massive MIMO systems. Specifically, among the three strategies, CTDD is the simplest one and could achieve decent throughput improvement. Depending on conditions, with the self-interference cancellation capability at SCs, ZDD could achieve better throughput than CTDD, even with residual self-interference. Moreover, ZDD-IR requires the additional interference rejection process at the BS compared to ZDD, but it could generally achieve better throughput than CTDD and ZDD.

5 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Sep 2014
TL;DR: A backhaul topology optimization algorithm is proposed that allows assessment of the gateway (GW), i.e. nodes with wired backhaul, penetration required to provide a certain performance to the access network.
Abstract: In this article we discuss a case of a cellular network with backhaul operated wirelessly on millimeter waves (mmWaves). We perform extensive studies based on ray-tracing and system-level simulations to assess performance of such deployments. For the purpose of the evaluations we propose a backhaul topology optimization algorithm that allows assessment of the gateway (GW), i.e. nodes with wired backhaul, penetration required to provide a certain performance to the access network. Finally, we formulate recommendations about various aspects of such networks, e.g. inter-site distance or antenna configurations.

5 citations


Cites background or methods from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."

  • ...Secondly, basing on the measurements empirical [3] and ray-based [7] models are derived to enable future evaluations without the need of dedicated measurements....

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  • ...The main challenges are: shorter link ranges and higher link variability compared to the bands used today [3]....

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
07 Jun 2020
TL;DR: The obtained results show that the proposed CPSK approach allows for reducing the PAPR and thereon for achieving higher PA output powers, compared to QPSK, while still offering the same spectral efficiency.
Abstract: Deploying sub-THz frequencies for mobile communications is one timely research area, due to the availability of very wide and contiguous chunks of the radio spectrum. However, at such extremely high frequencies, there are large challenges related to, e.g., phase noise, propagation losses as well as to energy-efficiency, since generating and radiating power with reasonable efficiency is known to be far more difficult than at lower frequencies. To address the energy-efficiency and power amplifier (PA) nonlinear distortion related challenges, modulation methods and waveforms with low peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) are needed. To this end, a new modulation approach is formulated and proposed in this paper, referred to as constrained phase-shift keying (CPSK). The CPSK concept builds on the traditional PSK constellations, while additional constraints are applied to the time domain symbol transitions in order to control and reduce the PAPR of the resulting waveform. This new modulation is then compared with pulse-shaped π/2-BPSK and ordinary QPSK, in the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM) context, in terms of the resulting PAPR distributions and the achievable maximum PA output power, subject to constraints in the passband waveform quality and out-of-band emissions. The obtained results show that the proposed CPSK approach allows for reducing the PAPR and thereon for achieving higher PA output powers, compared to QPSK, while still offering the same spectral efficiency. Overall, the CPSK concept offers a flexible modulation solution with controlled PAPR for the future sub-THz networks.

5 citations


Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."

  • ...Exploiting the sub-THz frequency bands in mobile radio networks has the potential to facilitate large amounts of new spectrum, and very wide contiguous channels, and thus substantial improvements in the radio access latency and data rates [1]–[3]....

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
10 May 2021
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the minimum-delay multicast problem for mmWave networks under sectored antenna model and propose an iterative method based on graphs which finds the optimal schedule in polynomial time.
Abstract: We investigate the minimum-delay multicast problem for millimeter wave (mmWave) networks. Salient characteristics of mmWave links, directionality and reflections, are considered under sectored antenna model. We first consider directionality only, and identify the property such that the optimal policy can be recursively partitioned into smaller sizes. Using such optimal substructure, we propose an iterative method based on graphs which finds the optimal schedule in polynomial time. Next, we extend our model to incorporate reflections. We introduce the concept of path diversity which states that the availability of reflected paths enables opportunistic reduction of multicast delay. We prove NP-hardness of the problem, and propose approximations with performance bounds and heuristics of reduced complexity. By simulation we show the outperformance of our method over conventional ones, and numerically characterize the gain of path diversity in terms of network size.

5 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Oct 2019
TL;DR: This paper addresses correlated mobility typical for collective extended reality (XR) applications, using the example of reference point group mobility models (RPGM), where users migrate in groups or clusters, and compares the performance of two cell association schemes: baseline RSSI-based and load-aware algorithms.
Abstract: While faster signal attenuation in millimeter wave (mmWave) networks is compensated by high antenna directivity, the effects of dynamic blockages can be mitigated by using connections to multiple access points (APs), and the choice of a proper cell association algorithm plays an essential role in optimizing the overall system performance. Despite numerous research efforts aimed at finding optimal cell associations, effects of user mobility have not been explicitly addressed. Particularly, mobility patterns are imperative in the case of mmWave directional access, as they impact the overall system performance and, thus, might affect the choice of optimal solutions.In this paper, we address correlated mobility typical for collective extended reality (XR) applications, using the example of reference point group mobility models (RPGM), where users migrate in groups or clusters. Assuming 3D beamforming and protocol settings of mmWave IEEE 802.11ad/ay that operates at 60GHz, we compare the performance of two cell association schemes: baseline RSSI-based and load-aware algorithms, and provide important insights on optimization of load-aware scheme parameters, the choice of which is a dynamic function of antenna directivity and network density.

5 citations


Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."

  • ...The core features of mmWave propagation encompass much stronger signal attenuation in comparison to that in lower frequencies, high penetration losses, and weak ability to diffract around obstacles that leads to frequent and unpredictable blockage [2]....

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References
More filters
Book
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher: The indispensable guide to wireless communications—now fully revised and updated! Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step. Coverage includes: An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technology—today's and tomorrow's.

17,102 citations


"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Also, the human body and many outdoor materials being very reflective, allow them to be important scatterers for mmW propagation [28], [30]....

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  • ...However, these measurements were performed in an outdoor campus setting with much lower building density and greater opportunities for LOS connectivity than would be found in a typical urban deployment....

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  • ...Despite the potential of mmW cellular systems, there are a number of key challenges to realizing the vision of cellular networks in these bands: • Range and directional communication: Friis’ transmis- sion law [54] states that the free space omnidirectional path loss grows with the square of the…...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.

6,708 citations


"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...In both 28- and 73-GHz measurements, each point was classified as either being in a NLOS or LOS situation, based on a manual classification made at the time of the measurements; see [26] and [28]–[33]....

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  • ...• Empirical NYC: These curves are based on the omnidirectional path loss predicted by our linear model (1) for the mmW channel with the parameters from Table 1, as derived from the directional measurements in [26]....

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  • ...Details of the measurements can be found in [26], [28]– [33], [81]....

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  • ...This tremendous potential has led to considerable recent interest in mmW cellular both in industry [7]–[9], [18], [19] and academia [20]–[26], with a growing belief that mmW bands will play a significant role in beyond 4G and 5G cellular systems [27]....

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  • ...In particular, we survey our own measurements [26], [28]–[33] made in New York City (NYC) in both 28- and 73-GHz bands and the statistical models for the channels developed in [34]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.
Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].

5,158 citations


"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper

  • ...These multiple antenna systems can be used to form very high gain, electrically steerable arrays, fabricated at the base station (BS), in the skin of a cellphone, or even within a chip [6], [10]–[17]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications.
Abstract: New research directions will lead to fundamental changes in the design of future fifth generation (5G) cellular networks. This article describes five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications. The key ideas for each technology are described, along with their potential impact on 5G and the research challenges that remain.

3,711 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The technical and business arguments for femtocells are overview and the state of the art on each front is described and the technical challenges facing femtocell networks are described and some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them are given.
Abstract: The surest way to increase the system capacity of a wireless link is by getting the transmitter and receiver closer to each other, which creates the dual benefits of higher-quality links and more spatial reuse. In a network with nomadic users, this inevitably involves deploying more infrastructure, typically in the form of microcells, hot spots, distributed antennas, or relays. A less expensive alternative is the recent concept of femtocells - also called home base stations - which are data access points installed by home users to get better indoor voice and data coverage. In this article we overview the technical and business arguments for femtocells and describe the state of the art on each front. We also describe the technical challenges facing femtocell networks and give some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them.

3,298 citations


"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Heterogeneous networks, or HetNets, have been one of the most active research areas in cellular standards bodies in the last five years [45], [48], [67], [68], with the main focus being intercell interference coordination and load balancing....

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