Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless Networks: Potentials and Challenges
05 Feb 2014-Vol. 102, Iss: 3, pp 366-385
TL;DR: Measurements and capacity studies are surveyed to assess mmW technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments and it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities.
Abstract: Millimeter-wave (mmW) frequencies between 30 and 300 GHz are a new frontier for cellular communication that offers the promise of orders of magnitude greater bandwidths combined with further gains via beamforming and spatial multiplexing from multielement antenna arrays. This paper surveys measurements and capacity studies to assess this technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments. The conclusions are extremely encouraging; measurements in New York City at 28 and 73 GHz demonstrate that, even in an urban canyon environment, significant non-line-of-sight (NLOS) outdoor, street-level coverage is possible up to approximately 200 m from a potential low-power microcell or picocell base station. In addition, based on statistical channel models from these measurements, it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities. Cellular systems, however, will need to be significantly redesigned to fully achieve these gains. Specifically, the requirement of highly directional and adaptive transmissions, directional isolation between links, and significant possibilities of outage have strong implications on multiple access, channel structure, synchronization, and receiver design. To address these challenges, the paper discusses how various technologies including adaptive beamforming, multihop relaying, heterogeneous network architectures, and carrier aggregation can be leveraged in the mmW context.
Citations
More filters
01 Dec 2017
TL;DR: This paper proposes a novel two-layer PS feeding network architecture for mmWave FD-MIMO systems that consists of a vertical PS layer and a horizontal PS layer, which greatly reduces the number of PSs required.
Abstract: Hybrid analog/digital precoding provides an effective solution for millimeter wave (mmWave) multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems since it reduces the number of radio frequency (RF) chains significantly. Meanwhile, full-dimension MIMO (FD-MIMO) has attracted considerable interests due to its spatial separation ability in vertical direction. However, the hardware complexity of phase shifter (PS) feeding network in the conventional full-connection architecture is too large. In this paper, we propose a novel two-layer PS feeding network architecture for mmWave FD-MIMO systems. Specifically, the two-layer PS network consists of a vertical PS layer and a horizontal PS layer, which greatly reduces the number of PSs required. Furthermore, an iterative precoding design algorithm is proposed, in which the vertical and horizontal beamformers are alternately configured in an iterative fashion. Asymptotic analysis proves that our proposed scheme could exactly approach the performance of full- connection architecture when vertical channel angle spread tends to zero. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme achieves satisfactory performance while only imposing relatively low hardware complexity compared with its conventional counterparts.
5 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication combined with multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technique has been regarded as an attractive candidate for 5G wireless communication systems [1], due to the abundant bandwidths [2] and high spectral efficiency [3]....
[...]
Dissertation•
21 Jul 2017TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a strategy to maximize the debit moyen dans l'ensemble du reseau in 5G by using the dominant resource fairness (DRF) strategy.
Abstract: Les reseaux mobiles de la cinquieme generation (5G) sont concus pour introduire de nouveaux services necessitant des debits de donnees extremement hauts et une faible latence. 5G sera un changement de paradigme qui comprend des reseaux heterogenes densifies, des reseaux d'acces radio virtualises, des frequences porteuses a ondes millimetrees et des densites de peripheriques tres elevees. Cependant, contrairement aux generations precedentes, 5G sera un reseau holistique, integrant n'importe quelle nouvelle technologie radio avec les technologies LTE et WiFi existant. Dans ce contexte, on se concentre sur de nouvelles strategies d'allocation de ressources capables de beneficier du multihoming dans le cas d'acces double au reseau. On modelise ces algorithmes au niveau du flux et analyse leurs performances en termes de debit, de stabilite du systeme et d'equite entre differentes categories d'utilisateurs. On se concentre tout d'abord sur le multihoming dans les reseaux heterogenes LTE/WiFi. On considere les allocations centrees sur le reseau ou un planificateur central effectue des allocations d'equite proportionnelle (PF) locale et globale pour differentes classes d'utilisateurs, utilisateurs individuels (single-homed) et multi-domicilies (multihomed). Par rapport a un modele de reference sans multihoming, on montre que les deux strategies ameliorent la performance et la stabilite du systeme, au detriment d'une plus grande complexite pour la strategie PF globale. On etudie egalement les strategies d'allocation centrees sur l'utilisateur, dans lesquelles les utilisateurs multihomed decident la partition de la demande d'un fichier en utilisant soit la maximisation du debit crete, soit la strategie assistee par reseau. On montre que cette derniere strategie maximise le debit moyen dans l'ensemble du reseau. On montre egalement que les strategies centrees sur le reseau permettent d'obtenir des debits de donnees plus eleves que ceux centres sur l'utilisateur. Ensuite, on se concentre sur les reseaux d'acces radio virtuels (V-RAN) et en particulier sur l'allocation de multi-ressources. On etudie la faisabilite de la virtualisation sans diminuer ni la performance des utilisateurs, ni la stabilite du systeme. On considere un reseau heterogene 5G compose de cellules LTE et mm-wave afin d'etudier comment les reseaux hauts frequence peuvent augmenter la capacite du systeme. On montre que la virtualisation du reseau est realisable sans perte de performance lors de l'utilisation de la strategie « dominant resource fairness » (DRF). On propose une strategie d'allocation en deux phases (TPA) qui montre un indice d'equite plus eleve que DRF et une stabilite du systeme plus elevee que PF. On montre egalement des gains importants apportes par l'adoption des frequences mm-wave au lieu de WiFi. Finalement, on considere l'efficacite energetique et compare les strategies DRF et TPA avec une strategie econergetique basee sur l'algorithme de Dinklebach. Les resultats montrent que la strategie econergetique depasse legerement DRF et TPA a charge faible ou moyenne en termes de debit moyen plus eleve avec une consommation d'energie comparable, alors qu'elle les surpasse a une charge elevee en termes de consommation d'energie moins elevee. Dans ce cas de charge elevee, DRF surpasse TPA et la strategie econergetique en termes de debit moyen. En ce qui concerne l'indice d'equite de Jain, TPA realise l'indice d'equite le plus eleve parmi d'autres strategies
5 citations
Additional excerpts
...7 GHz bandwidth and deploy an 8 × 8 antenna array [151]....
[...]
18 Jun 2017
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose a method to solve the problem of "uniformity" and "uncertainty" in the context of data mining, and propose a solution.
Abstract: vii
5 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...The channel models of the indoor and outdoor MWC have been extensively studied [52, 50, 53]....
[...]
...In order to circumvent the large path-loss problem [50, 53], the millimeter wave (mmWave) transmitters and receivers have to obtain the beamforming (BF) gain with the larger number of antenna elements [54]....
[...]
...However, mmWave suffers the large propagation losses due to its short wavelength [53]....
[...]
TL;DR: A shoot-and-bounce ray (SBR)-based methodology capable of characterizing the mmWave propagation in urban outdoor conditions is developed and it is demonstrated and verified that a shift from simulating three-dimensional (3-D) to evaluating 2-D environments significantly reduces computation time while only slightly decreasing the simulation accuracy.
Abstract: High-rate access in outdoor urban areas using extremely high frequency (EHF) bands, known as millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum, requires a dense deployment of wireless small cells in order to provide continuous coverage to serve bandwidth-hungry users. At the same time, to be able to collect a sufficient amount of data for constructing detailed EHF propagation models, a considerable number of various landscape maps across different scenarios have to be considered. This letter develops a shoot-and-bounce ray (SBR) -based methodology capable of characterizing the mmWave propagation in urban outdoor conditions. In particular, our methodology aims to capture a large number of small cells within accurate, real city maps and then to utilize an algorithm of automatic transmitter placement. Hence, our contribution is to provide a suitable tool that is able to handle massive ray-based simulations within a reasonable time frame. In particular, we demonstrate and verify that a shift from simulating three-dimensional (3-D) to evaluating 2-D environments significantly reduces computation time while only slightly decreasing the simulation accuracy.
5 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...age caused by smaller objects [2], [3]....
[...]
...The algorithm that searches for the appropriate TX locations on the facades of the buildings is described in [5]; it identifies TX positions that lead to the adequate line-of-sight (LoS) area within a certain distance (200 m based on current mmWave research [1], [3], [5])....
[...]
...As small cells in the EHF band are expected to offer shorter coverage ranges compared to those in the lower frequency bands [1], [3], it is important to have more TXs for uninterrupted coverage....
[...]
TL;DR: This survey investigated the existing state-of-the-art MAC protocols, related surveys, and solutions available for mmWave frequency, performed a categorized qualitative comparison of the state of the art protocols, and examined the probable approaches to alleviate the critical challenges in future research.
Abstract: With the increase in the number of connected devices, to facilitate more users with high-speed transfer rate and enormous bandwidth, millimeter-wave (mmWave) technology has become one of the promising research sectors in both industry and academia. Owing to the advancements in 5G communication, traditional physical (PHY) layer-based solutions are becoming obsolete. Resource allocation, interference management, anti-blockage, and deafness are crucial problems needing resolution for designing modern mmWave communication network architectures. Consequently, comparatively new approaches such as medium access control (MAC) protocol-based utilization can help meet the advancement requirements. A MAC layer accesses channels and prepares the data frames for transmission to all connected devices, which is even more significant in very high frequency bands, i.e., in the mmWave spectrum. Moreover, different MAC protocols have their unique limitations and characteristics. In this survey, to deal with the above challenges and address the limitations revolving around the MAC layers of mmWave communication systems, we investigated the existing state-of-the-art MAC protocols, related surveys, and solutions available for mmWave frequency. Moreover, we performed a categorized qualitative comparison of the state-of-the-art protocols and finally examined the probable approaches to alleviate the critical challenges in future research.
5 citations
References
More filters
Book•
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher:
The indispensable guide to wireless communicationsnow fully revised and updated!
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step.
Coverage includes:
An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond
Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more
Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation
Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding
New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives
New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE
Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies
Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references
Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems
Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technologytoday's and tomorrow's.
17,102 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...Also, the human body and many outdoor materials being very reflective, allow them to be important scatterers for mmW propagation [28], [30]....
[...]
...However, these measurements were performed in an outdoor campus setting with much lower building density and greater opportunities for LOS connectivity than would be found in a typical urban deployment....
[...]
...Despite the potential of mmW cellular systems, there are a number of key challenges to realizing the vision of cellular networks in these bands: • Range and directional communication: Friis’ transmis- sion law [54] states that the free space omnidirectional path loss grows with the square of the…...
[...]
TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
6,708 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In both 28- and 73-GHz measurements, each point was classified as either being in a NLOS or LOS situation, based on a manual classification made at the time of the measurements; see [26] and [28]–[33]....
[...]
...• Empirical NYC: These curves are based on the omnidirectional path loss predicted by our linear model (1) for the mmW channel with the parameters from Table 1, as derived from the directional measurements in [26]....
[...]
...Details of the measurements can be found in [26], [28]– [33], [81]....
[...]
...This tremendous potential has led to considerable recent interest in mmW cellular both in industry [7]–[9], [18], [19] and academia [20]–[26], with a growing belief that mmW bands will play a significant role in beyond 4G and 5G cellular systems [27]....
[...]
...In particular, we survey our own measurements [26], [28]–[33] made in New York City (NYC) in both 28- and 73-GHz bands and the statistical models for the channels developed in [34]....
[...]
TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.
Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].
5,158 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...These multiple antenna systems can be used to form very high gain, electrically steerable arrays, fabricated at the base station (BS), in the skin of a cellphone, or even within a chip [6], [10]–[17]....
[...]
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications.
Abstract: New research directions will lead to fundamental changes in the design of future fifth generation (5G) cellular networks. This article describes five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications. The key ideas for each technology are described, along with their potential impact on 5G and the research challenges that remain.
3,711 citations
TL;DR: The technical and business arguments for femtocells are overview and the state of the art on each front is described and the technical challenges facing femtocell networks are described and some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them are given.
Abstract: The surest way to increase the system capacity of a wireless link is by getting the transmitter and receiver closer to each other, which creates the dual benefits of higher-quality links and more spatial reuse. In a network with nomadic users, this inevitably involves deploying more infrastructure, typically in the form of microcells, hot spots, distributed antennas, or relays. A less expensive alternative is the recent concept of femtocells - also called home base stations - which are data access points installed by home users to get better indoor voice and data coverage. In this article we overview the technical and business arguments for femtocells and describe the state of the art on each front. We also describe the technical challenges facing femtocell networks and give some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them.
3,298 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...Heterogeneous networks, or HetNets, have been one of the most active research areas in cellular standards bodies in the last five years [45], [48], [67], [68], with the main focus being intercell interference coordination and load balancing....
[...]