Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless Networks: Potentials and Challenges
05 Feb 2014-Vol. 102, Iss: 3, pp 366-385
TL;DR: Measurements and capacity studies are surveyed to assess mmW technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments and it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities.
Abstract: Millimeter-wave (mmW) frequencies between 30 and 300 GHz are a new frontier for cellular communication that offers the promise of orders of magnitude greater bandwidths combined with further gains via beamforming and spatial multiplexing from multielement antenna arrays. This paper surveys measurements and capacity studies to assess this technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments. The conclusions are extremely encouraging; measurements in New York City at 28 and 73 GHz demonstrate that, even in an urban canyon environment, significant non-line-of-sight (NLOS) outdoor, street-level coverage is possible up to approximately 200 m from a potential low-power microcell or picocell base station. In addition, based on statistical channel models from these measurements, it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities. Cellular systems, however, will need to be significantly redesigned to fully achieve these gains. Specifically, the requirement of highly directional and adaptive transmissions, directional isolation between links, and significant possibilities of outage have strong implications on multiple access, channel structure, synchronization, and receiver design. To address these challenges, the paper discusses how various technologies including adaptive beamforming, multihop relaying, heterogeneous network architectures, and carrier aggregation can be leveraged in the mmW context.
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07 Dec 2020
TL;DR: The SBRC Short Courses Book has traditionally been used as high quality study material by undergraduate and graduate students as well as by IT professionals who work on computer networking and distributed systems.
Abstract: The book Short Courses of the 38th Symposium on Computer Networks and Distributed Systems comprises the short courses selected for presentation at the 38th Brazilian Symposium on Computer Networks and Distributed Systems (SBRC), held online between December 7 and 10, 2020. The SBRC Short Courses Book has traditionally been used as high quality study material by undergraduate and graduate students as well as by IT professionals who work on computer networking and distributed systems. The short-courses presentations sessions are also an important opportunity to update the knowledge of the scientific community and to complement the attendees training. The main objective of the SBRC Short Courses is to offer short-term training and updating on topics not normally covered in the curriculum and to make both the students and professionals more interested in the area.
5 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...A seguir, apresentamos algumas informações adicionais sobre ondas milimétricas, as quais ainda são um assunto de significativo interesse acadêmico [31, 32]....
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TL;DR: A novel joint optimization problem of the user scheduling, the statistical precoding, and the UAV trajectory in the Uav-based BS with mmWave system to maximize the sum rate of users is proposed and the proposed joint optimization algorithm is able to achieve good performance.
Abstract: Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as base stations (BSs) are capable of offering wireless connectivity for users without new terrestrial infrastructures. However, fewer antennas can be placed in the UAV-based BS due to its limited space, which also limits the transmission rate of the UAV-based BS. Millimeter wave (mmWave) bands enable large scale antennas to be packed into very small areas to serve multi-users. However, the existence of the interference is non-negligible in the UAV-based BS with mmWave system. The instantaneous channel state information (CSI), which plays a key role in the interference elimination, is difficult to obtain due to the UAV mobility. Compared to the instantaneous CSI, statistical CSI, such as the channel covariance, can be easily acquired by exploiting the channel statistical reciprocity. In this paper, we propose a novel joint optimization problem of the user scheduling, the statistical precoding, and the UAV trajectory in the UAV-based BS with mmWave system to maximize the sum rate of users. The statistical precoding is utilized to alleviate the multi-users interference. Due to the non-convex objective function and constraints, the optimization problem is decomposed into two subproblems. The goal of the first subproblem is to mitigate multi-users interference using statistical CSI and to select the optimal users, while the goal of the second subproblem is to adjust the UAV trajectory to maximize the sum rate of users via transforming the non-convex subproblem into convex optimization. An iterative algorithm is proposed to optimize two subproblems alternatively. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed joint optimization algorithm is able to achieve good performance.
5 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...achieve higher transmission rate andmeet the communication requires of the increased devices due to the abundant bandwidth resources [6], [7]....
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Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, a single-user uplink scenario where the channel has one dominant cluster is considered, and the problem is posed as an end-to-end optimization of a deep neural network (DNN).
Abstract: Communication in high frequencies such as millimeter wave and terahertz suffer from high path-loss and intense shadowing which necessitates beamforming for reliable data transmission. On the other hand, at high frequencies the channels are sparse and consist of few spatial clusters. Therefore, beam alignment (BA) strategies are used to find the direction of these channel clusters and adjust the width of the beam used for data transmission. In this work, a single-user uplink scenario where the channel has one dominant cluster is considered. It is assumed that the user transmits a set of BA packets over a fixed duration. Meanwhile, the base-station (BS) uses different probing beams to scan different angular regions. Since the BS measurements are noisy, it is not possible to find a narrow beam that includes the angle of arrival (AoA) of the user with probability one. Therefore, the BS allocates a narrow beam to the user which includes the AoA of the user with a predetermined error probability while minimizing the expected beamwidth of the allocated beam. Due to intractability of this noisy BA problem, here this problem is posed as an end-to-end optimization of a deep neural network (DNN) and effects of different loss functions are discussed and investigated. It is observed that the proposed DNN based BA, at high SNRs, achieves a performance close to that of the optimal BA when there is no-noise and for all SNRs, outperforms state-of-the-art.
5 citations
Proceedings Article•
13 May 2015TL;DR: This paper proposes a solution to obtain one antenna array with improved efficiency by designing the antennas on top of silicon, 3D antennas are designed to lie above the silicon substrate.
Abstract: The 55–65 GHz band has very interesting characteristics, such as allowing high-bandwidth communications and improved security (due to high absorption). From the antenna point of view, it also has the interesting feature of allowing the fabrication of very small antennas. Because they're so small, these antennas can be placed directly on-chip. However, silicon is a high loss material at such high frequencies. This paper proposes a solution to obtain one antenna array with improved efficiency. Instead of designing the antennas on top of silicon, 3D antennas are designed to lie above the silicon substrate.
5 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...It’s expected that systems at 55-65 GHz millimetre-wave band will change the way we experience our wireless communications at home [1]....
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TL;DR: This work explores the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with configurable antennas as a flexible solution for serving low-power IoT networks, and forms an optimization problem to set the position and antenna beamwidth of the UAV, and the transmit power of the IoT devices subject to average-signal-to-average-interference-plus-noise ratio.
Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) brings connectivity to a massive number of devices that demand energy-efficient solutions to deal with limited battery capacities, uplink-dominant traffic, and channel impairments. In this work, we explore the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with configurable antennas as a flexible solution for serving low-power IoT networks. We formulate an optimization problem to set the position and antenna beamwidth of the UAV, and the transmit power of the IoT devices subject to average-signal-to-average-interference-plus-noise ratio ( $\bar {\text {S}}\overline {\text {IN}}\text {R}$ ) Quality-of-Service (QoS) constraints. We minimize the worst case average energy consumption of the latter, thus targeting the fairest allocation of the energy resources. The problem is nonconvex and highly nonlinear; therefore, we reformulate it as a series of three geometric programs that can be solved iteratively. Results reveal the benefits of planning the network compared to a random deployment in terms of reducing the worst case average energy consumption. Furthermore, we show that the target $\bar {\text {S}}\overline {\text {IN}}\text {R}$ is limited by the number of IoT devices, and highlight the dominant impact of the UAV hovering height when serving wider areas. Our proposed algorithm outperforms other optimization benchmarks in terms of minimizing the average energy consumption at the most energy-demanding IoT device, and convergence time.
5 citations
References
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Book•
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher:
The indispensable guide to wireless communicationsnow fully revised and updated!
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step.
Coverage includes:
An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond
Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more
Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation
Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding
New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives
New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE
Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies
Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references
Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems
Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technologytoday's and tomorrow's.
17,102 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...Also, the human body and many outdoor materials being very reflective, allow them to be important scatterers for mmW propagation [28], [30]....
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...However, these measurements were performed in an outdoor campus setting with much lower building density and greater opportunities for LOS connectivity than would be found in a typical urban deployment....
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...Despite the potential of mmW cellular systems, there are a number of key challenges to realizing the vision of cellular networks in these bands: • Range and directional communication: Friis’ transmis- sion law [54] states that the free space omnidirectional path loss grows with the square of the…...
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TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
6,708 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In both 28- and 73-GHz measurements, each point was classified as either being in a NLOS or LOS situation, based on a manual classification made at the time of the measurements; see [26] and [28]–[33]....
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...• Empirical NYC: These curves are based on the omnidirectional path loss predicted by our linear model (1) for the mmW channel with the parameters from Table 1, as derived from the directional measurements in [26]....
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...Details of the measurements can be found in [26], [28]– [33], [81]....
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...This tremendous potential has led to considerable recent interest in mmW cellular both in industry [7]–[9], [18], [19] and academia [20]–[26], with a growing belief that mmW bands will play a significant role in beyond 4G and 5G cellular systems [27]....
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...In particular, we survey our own measurements [26], [28]–[33] made in New York City (NYC) in both 28- and 73-GHz bands and the statistical models for the channels developed in [34]....
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TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.
Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].
5,158 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...These multiple antenna systems can be used to form very high gain, electrically steerable arrays, fabricated at the base station (BS), in the skin of a cellphone, or even within a chip [6], [10]–[17]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications.
Abstract: New research directions will lead to fundamental changes in the design of future fifth generation (5G) cellular networks. This article describes five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications. The key ideas for each technology are described, along with their potential impact on 5G and the research challenges that remain.
3,711 citations
TL;DR: The technical and business arguments for femtocells are overview and the state of the art on each front is described and the technical challenges facing femtocell networks are described and some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them are given.
Abstract: The surest way to increase the system capacity of a wireless link is by getting the transmitter and receiver closer to each other, which creates the dual benefits of higher-quality links and more spatial reuse. In a network with nomadic users, this inevitably involves deploying more infrastructure, typically in the form of microcells, hot spots, distributed antennas, or relays. A less expensive alternative is the recent concept of femtocells - also called home base stations - which are data access points installed by home users to get better indoor voice and data coverage. In this article we overview the technical and business arguments for femtocells and describe the state of the art on each front. We also describe the technical challenges facing femtocell networks and give some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them.
3,298 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...Heterogeneous networks, or HetNets, have been one of the most active research areas in cellular standards bodies in the last five years [45], [48], [67], [68], with the main focus being intercell interference coordination and load balancing....
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