Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless Networks: Potentials and Challenges
05 Feb 2014-Vol. 102, Iss: 3, pp 366-385
TL;DR: Measurements and capacity studies are surveyed to assess mmW technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments and it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities.
Abstract: Millimeter-wave (mmW) frequencies between 30 and 300 GHz are a new frontier for cellular communication that offers the promise of orders of magnitude greater bandwidths combined with further gains via beamforming and spatial multiplexing from multielement antenna arrays. This paper surveys measurements and capacity studies to assess this technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments. The conclusions are extremely encouraging; measurements in New York City at 28 and 73 GHz demonstrate that, even in an urban canyon environment, significant non-line-of-sight (NLOS) outdoor, street-level coverage is possible up to approximately 200 m from a potential low-power microcell or picocell base station. In addition, based on statistical channel models from these measurements, it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities. Cellular systems, however, will need to be significantly redesigned to fully achieve these gains. Specifically, the requirement of highly directional and adaptive transmissions, directional isolation between links, and significant possibilities of outage have strong implications on multiple access, channel structure, synchronization, and receiver design. To address these challenges, the paper discusses how various technologies including adaptive beamforming, multihop relaying, heterogeneous network architectures, and carrier aggregation can be leveraged in the mmW context.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: The 60GHz mmWave access is considered for utilizing the benefits of (i) ultra-wide-bandwidth for multi-Gbps high- speed communications and (ii) high-directional communications for spatial reuse that is obviously good for densely deployed users.
Abstract: This paper addresses a novel multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MADRL)-based positioning algorithm for multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) collaboration (i.e., UAVs work as mobile base stations). The primary objective of the proposed algorithm is to establish dependable mobile access networks for cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) communication, thereby facilitating the realization of high-quality intelligent transportation systems (ITS). The reliable mobile access services can be achieved in following two ways, i.e., i) energy-efficient UAV operation and ii) reliable wireless communication services. For energy-efficient UAV operation, the reward of our proposed MADRL algorithm contains the features for UAV energy consumption models in order to realize efficient operations. Furthermore, for reliable wireless communication services, the quality of service (QoS) requirements of individual users are considered as a part of rewards and 60GHz mmWave radio is used for mobile access. This paper considers the 60GHz mmWave access for utilizing the benefits of i) ultra-wide-bandwidth for multi-Gbps high-speed communications and ii) high-directional communications for spatial reuse that is obviously good for densely deployed users. Lastly, the comprehensive and data-intensive performance evaluation of the proposed MADRL-based algorithm for multi-UAV positioning is conducted in this paper. The results of these evaluations demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms other existing algorithms.
5 citations
TL;DR: The proposed low-cost and low power phase shifter is a good candidate for 5G application and an integrable structure with the printed circuit board (PCB).
Abstract: This paper presents a novel structure based on liquid crystal (LC) technology to achieve a high figure of merit $(FOM)$ $GHz$ $ADS$ $HFSS$ $dB$ $^{\circ }$ $GHz$ $FOM$ $^{\circ }/dB$ $dB$ $GHz$ $GHz$ $GHz$ $HFSS$ $^{\circ }$ $^{\circ }$ $FOM$
5 citations
01 Oct 2018
TL;DR: A proper selection of a number of antenna elements in 28 GHz frequency in NLOS and LOS environment and their performance by analysing different channel parameters in urban microcell scenario for Dhaka city is presented in this work.
Abstract: 5th generation cellular network is the upcoming revolution in the cellular communication world. It tends to operate in millimeter wave frequency to provide the throughput requirements of the next generation. The 28 GHz frequency band is a significant candidate for mm Wave communication with more than 3 GHz of potential bandwidth. Direct communication between wireless transmitter and receiver is established by line of sight (LOS) communication, and several types of wireless and radio transmissions depend on it. But in the random transmission of wireless signals, interruptions are made by different types of obstacles which are responsible for creating non-line of sight scenarios. A proper selection of a number of antenna elements in 28 GHz frequency in NLOS and LOS environment and their performance by analysing different channel parameters in urban microcell scenario for Dhaka city is presented in this work. The analysed parameters for this research work include an angle of arrival (AoA) and angle of departure (AoD) for azimuth and elevation angle, time delay profile, RMS delay spread, path loss exponent for both LOS and NLOS environment.
5 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...The limited availability of crowded sub-6 GHz spectrum and the vast amount of unused spectrum at millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequencies many Gigahertz wide band provided motivation for the investigation of mmWave bands for fifth-generation (5G) wireless systems [4, 5]....
[...]
...The demand for cellular data traffic continues to outstrip forecasts and is currently growing at a rate of 40-70% per annum [4, 5]....
[...]
Posted Content•
TL;DR: The sparse direct sampling method (DSM) is introduced to estimate properties of a region from signals that probe the region, and generalizes of two older qualitative methods: one which has low-resolution reconstructions but uses few measurements and one which is high-resolution but has higher measurement cost.
Abstract: We introduce the sparse direct sampling method (DSM) to estimate properties of a region from signals that probe the region. We demonstrate the sparse-DSM on two separate problems: estimating both the angle-of-arrival of a radio wave impinging on an array and the location and shape of an inhomogeneity from scattered acoustic waves. The sparse-DSM is qualitative in nature, so it does not require the simulation of a forward problem to solve the inverse problem. The method generalizes of two older qualitative methods, one which has low-resolution reconstructions but uses few measurements and one which is high-resolution but has higher measurement cost. The sparse-DSM inherits positive qualities from both. We demonstrate the technique on measured and simulated examples.
5 citations
TL;DR: A survey of the state of the art in NOMA for 5G systems in a categorized manner and analysis of the NOMa performances with numerical examples are provided.
Abstract: The non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is one of the fledging paradigms which next generation radio access technologies are sprouting toward. The NOMA with superposition coding (SC) in the transmitter and successive interference cancellation (SIC) at the receiver comes with many desirable features and benefits over orthogonal multiple access (OMA) such as orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) adopted by Long-Term Evolution (LTE). In this paper, we study the recent research trends on NOMA in 5G systems. We discuss the basic concept of NOMA and explain its aspects of importance for future radio access. Then, we provide a survey of the state of the art in NOMA for 5G systems in a categorized manner. Further, we analyze the NOMA performances with numerical examples; and provide some avenues for future research on NOMA on a set of open issues and challenges.
5 citations
References
More filters
Book•
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher:
The indispensable guide to wireless communicationsnow fully revised and updated!
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step.
Coverage includes:
An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond
Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more
Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation
Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding
New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives
New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE
Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies
Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references
Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems
Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technologytoday's and tomorrow's.
17,102 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...Also, the human body and many outdoor materials being very reflective, allow them to be important scatterers for mmW propagation [28], [30]....
[...]
...However, these measurements were performed in an outdoor campus setting with much lower building density and greater opportunities for LOS connectivity than would be found in a typical urban deployment....
[...]
...Despite the potential of mmW cellular systems, there are a number of key challenges to realizing the vision of cellular networks in these bands: • Range and directional communication: Friis’ transmis- sion law [54] states that the free space omnidirectional path loss grows with the square of the…...
[...]
TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
6,708 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In both 28- and 73-GHz measurements, each point was classified as either being in a NLOS or LOS situation, based on a manual classification made at the time of the measurements; see [26] and [28]–[33]....
[...]
...• Empirical NYC: These curves are based on the omnidirectional path loss predicted by our linear model (1) for the mmW channel with the parameters from Table 1, as derived from the directional measurements in [26]....
[...]
...Details of the measurements can be found in [26], [28]– [33], [81]....
[...]
...This tremendous potential has led to considerable recent interest in mmW cellular both in industry [7]–[9], [18], [19] and academia [20]–[26], with a growing belief that mmW bands will play a significant role in beyond 4G and 5G cellular systems [27]....
[...]
...In particular, we survey our own measurements [26], [28]–[33] made in New York City (NYC) in both 28- and 73-GHz bands and the statistical models for the channels developed in [34]....
[...]
TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.
Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].
5,158 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...These multiple antenna systems can be used to form very high gain, electrically steerable arrays, fabricated at the base station (BS), in the skin of a cellphone, or even within a chip [6], [10]–[17]....
[...]
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications.
Abstract: New research directions will lead to fundamental changes in the design of future fifth generation (5G) cellular networks. This article describes five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications. The key ideas for each technology are described, along with their potential impact on 5G and the research challenges that remain.
3,711 citations
TL;DR: The technical and business arguments for femtocells are overview and the state of the art on each front is described and the technical challenges facing femtocell networks are described and some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them are given.
Abstract: The surest way to increase the system capacity of a wireless link is by getting the transmitter and receiver closer to each other, which creates the dual benefits of higher-quality links and more spatial reuse. In a network with nomadic users, this inevitably involves deploying more infrastructure, typically in the form of microcells, hot spots, distributed antennas, or relays. A less expensive alternative is the recent concept of femtocells - also called home base stations - which are data access points installed by home users to get better indoor voice and data coverage. In this article we overview the technical and business arguments for femtocells and describe the state of the art on each front. We also describe the technical challenges facing femtocell networks and give some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them.
3,298 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...Heterogeneous networks, or HetNets, have been one of the most active research areas in cellular standards bodies in the last five years [45], [48], [67], [68], with the main focus being intercell interference coordination and load balancing....
[...]