Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless Networks: Potentials and Challenges
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...• Higher bandwidth: The mmWave may provide the promise of greater bandwidths combined with further gains via beamforming and spatial multiplexing from multi-element antenna arrays [62]....
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...small mmWave wavelengths enable large numbers of tiny antennas to be placed in small dimensions [62]....
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217 citations
215 citations
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...ing. I. INTRODUCTION Millimeter wave communication is a promising candidate that can address the challenge of bandwidth shortage for the next generation of wireless cellular communication systems [1]–[4]. Although pathloss and absorption are more severe in mmWave frequencies as compared to the conventional frequency bands, more antennas can be packed within a relatively small physical dimension in mm...
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213 citations
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...However, increased spectrum bandwidth cannot come from existing microwave bands which are already congested and allocated for other purposes, thus new millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum bands of 30–300 GHz are being considered for 5G and beyond, since they have ample unused spectrum relative to the microwave bands [9] and are potential candidates for allocation to mobile services....
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209 citations
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...Several measurements have demonstrated the promise of ordersof-magnitude-greater bandwidths combined with further gain via beamforming and spatial multiplexing from multielement antenna arrays [2]....
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References
17,102 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...Also, the human body and many outdoor materials being very reflective, allow them to be important scatterers for mmW propagation [28], [30]....
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...However, these measurements were performed in an outdoor campus setting with much lower building density and greater opportunities for LOS connectivity than would be found in a typical urban deployment....
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...Despite the potential of mmW cellular systems, there are a number of key challenges to realizing the vision of cellular networks in these bands: • Range and directional communication: Friis’ transmis- sion law [54] states that the free space omnidirectional path loss grows with the square of the…...
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6,708 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In both 28- and 73-GHz measurements, each point was classified as either being in a NLOS or LOS situation, based on a manual classification made at the time of the measurements; see [26] and [28]–[33]....
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...• Empirical NYC: These curves are based on the omnidirectional path loss predicted by our linear model (1) for the mmW channel with the parameters from Table 1, as derived from the directional measurements in [26]....
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...Details of the measurements can be found in [26], [28]– [33], [81]....
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...This tremendous potential has led to considerable recent interest in mmW cellular both in industry [7]–[9], [18], [19] and academia [20]–[26], with a growing belief that mmW bands will play a significant role in beyond 4G and 5G cellular systems [27]....
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...In particular, we survey our own measurements [26], [28]–[33] made in New York City (NYC) in both 28- and 73-GHz bands and the statistical models for the channels developed in [34]....
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5,158 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...These multiple antenna systems can be used to form very high gain, electrically steerable arrays, fabricated at the base station (BS), in the skin of a cellphone, or even within a chip [6], [10]–[17]....
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3,711 citations
3,298 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...Heterogeneous networks, or HetNets, have been one of the most active research areas in cellular standards bodies in the last five years [45], [48], [67], [68], with the main focus being intercell interference coordination and load balancing....
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