Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless Networks: Potentials and Challenges
05 Feb 2014-Vol. 102, Iss: 3, pp 366-385
TL;DR: Measurements and capacity studies are surveyed to assess mmW technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments and it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities.
Abstract: Millimeter-wave (mmW) frequencies between 30 and 300 GHz are a new frontier for cellular communication that offers the promise of orders of magnitude greater bandwidths combined with further gains via beamforming and spatial multiplexing from multielement antenna arrays. This paper surveys measurements and capacity studies to assess this technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments. The conclusions are extremely encouraging; measurements in New York City at 28 and 73 GHz demonstrate that, even in an urban canyon environment, significant non-line-of-sight (NLOS) outdoor, street-level coverage is possible up to approximately 200 m from a potential low-power microcell or picocell base station. In addition, based on statistical channel models from these measurements, it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities. Cellular systems, however, will need to be significantly redesigned to fully achieve these gains. Specifically, the requirement of highly directional and adaptive transmissions, directional isolation between links, and significant possibilities of outage have strong implications on multiple access, channel structure, synchronization, and receiver design. To address these challenges, the paper discusses how various technologies including adaptive beamforming, multihop relaying, heterogeneous network architectures, and carrier aggregation can be leveraged in the mmW context.
Citations
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23 Oct 2019
TL;DR: The trade-off between data and localization services while dividing time and frequency resources in a multi-user millimeter-wave system is studied and various ways the two different services could be operated are compared.
Abstract: In this paper, we study the trade-off between data and localization services while dividing time and frequency resources in a multi-user millimeter-wave system. In this multi-service system, budgeting more resources for the data service than for localization would indeed imply higher data rates but also, adversely, higher position and orientation estimation errors. Based on theoretical localization performance bounds and on the expression of the average data rate per user, we herein investigate and compare various ways the two different services could be operated.
3 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...Hence, using highly directional antenna systems instead of omnidirectional ones to focus the transmit beam towards the user has been a go-to solution in order to improve the SNR [3], [4]....
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01 Nov 2017
TL;DR: This paper investigates and compares the propagation performance of different mm-wave bands with the ultra-high frequency (UHF) by evaluating coverage and rate trends and showed that although the 73 GHz bands could provide good coverage with the lowest interference effects, it is still limited to small cell size.
Abstract: Millimetre-wave (mm-wave) bands are considered an interesting candidate in the fifth generation (5G) mobile networks due to the high available bandwidth at these bands. Understanding the propagation performance of different mm-wave frequencies is an important issue to enhance the futuristic cellular networks. This paper investigates and compares the propagation performance of different mm-wave bands with the ultra-high frequency (UHF) by evaluating coverage and rate trends. The proposed scenario applied a map-based model for the base stations (BSs) deployment in university campus with a random distribution of users. The path loss models are determined by specifying the actual buildings' locations within the real campus map. Simulation results showed that the dense deployment of BSs will enhance the coverage of all mm-wave frequency bands and will offer limited noise networks. Comparison results showed that although the 73 GHz bands could provide good coverage with the lowest interference effects, it is still limited to small cell size. Also the 73 GHz bands results showed the higher rate achieved due to the large available bandwidth in this band.
3 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...Therefore, the condition of the line of sight (LoS), which means an unobstructed link between the transmitter and the receiver, is considered a significant factor for any mm-wave bands [2]....
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...The growing capacity demands are one of the biggest challenges that face the next generation networks, while mm-wave spectrum has an available wide bandwidth greater than all current cellular wireless networks [1], [2]....
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...While mm-wave frequencies have been considered attractive for indoor applications, mm-wave has faced a serious obstacle in outdoor applications due to its large propagation losses [2]....
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Dissertation•
10 Oct 2016
TL;DR: In this paper, a SiGe bipolar integrated circuit for multiband direct conversion cellular receivers for cellular frequencies and beam steering transmitters for millimeter wave communication for the cellular backhaul is presented.
Abstract: :This doctoral thesis is addresses two topics in integrated circuit design: multiband direct conversion cellular receivers for cellular frequencies and beam steering transmitters for millimeter wave communication for the cellular backhaul. The trend towards cellular terminals supporting ever more different frequency bands has resulted in complex radio frontends with a large number of RF inputs. Common receivers have, for performance reasons, in the past used differential RF inputs. However, as shown in the thesis, with novel design techniques it is possible to achieve adequate performance with a single ended frontend architecture, thereby reducing the complexity and pin-count. Millimeter wave integrated circuits development has previously not been subject to the mass production requirements that have been put on chip sets for cellular terminals, i.e. a minimum number of circuits, low supply voltage and power consumption, together with programmability to handle process spread and performance fine tuning. However, in the near future, when 5G networks will be deployed and the number of small pico- and femtocell base stations will explode, there will be a strong demand for low cost and high performance single-chip millimeter wave beam steering transceivers. The millimeter wave circuits presented in this work have been designed in a SiGe bipolar technology. Traditionally, SiGe designs use a higher supply voltage compared to CMOS. In this work, however, it has been shown that millimeter wave transceivers can be designed using a low supply voltage, thereby reducing the power consumption and eliminating the need for dedicated voltage regulators.Paper I presents a 28 GHz QVCO with an I/Q phase error tuning and detection. In paper II a 28 GHz beam steering PLL is presented together with measurement results for the design in paper I. Measurement results for the beam steering PLL are shown in paper III. Simulation results for a two-stage 81-86 GHz power amplifier are provided in paper IV. Paper V shows measurement results for two E-band power amplifiers. In paper VI, simulation results are presented for a complete E-band transmitter including a three-stage power amplifier. A reconfigurable single-ended CMOS LNA for different cellular frequency bands is presented in paper VII. A single-ended multiband RF-amplifier and mixer with DC-offset and second order distortion suppression in BiCMOS technology is presented in paper VIII. (Less)
3 citations
04 Mar 2015
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a solution to obtain an on-chip integrated antenna array based on 3D efficient antenna elements, which was designed to operate at 57.5 GHz central frequency, with maximum gain of 5.8 dB, and maximum expected efficiency of 45%.
Abstract: The high path losses experienced by wireless applications at millimeter wavelengths may be mitigated using high gain antennas. The intrinsic small wavelengths makes very attractive to develop solutions with on-chip integrated antennas. However, due to silicon high losses, on-chip antenna elements on RFCMOS technology have reduced efficiency. This paper proposes a solution to obtain an on-chip integrated antenna array based on 3D efficient antenna elements. A 4 element antenna was designed to operate at 57.5 GHz central frequency, with maximum gain of 5.8 dB, and maximum expected efficiency of 45%.
3 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...It is expected that systems using millimeter-wave bands will offer new possibilities for systems requiring the use of radio links [1]....
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06 Mar 2015
TL;DR: The parameters that are derived from 28 GHZ measurements which were conducted in New York City have been used to modify the COST 2100 model and used to model the wideband channel at 28 GHz band in LOS scenario and show that the correlation between RMS delay spread and transmitter-receiver separation distance is low.
Abstract: The demand for high data rate transmission for the future wireless communication technology is increasing rapidly. Due to the congestion in the current bands for cellular network, it may not be able to satisfy these requirements. For the future cellular networks, the millimeter wave (mm-wave) bands are the candidate bands because of the large available bandwidth. The 28 GHz band is the strongest candidate for 5G cellular networks. The large bandwidth at this band is one of the main parameters that make the mm-wave bands promising candidate for the future cellular networks. The channel needs to be characterized based on wideband characteristics to know the wideband channel behavior in mm-wave bands. In this paper, the time dispersion parameters at 28 GHz mm-wave band are presented. The wideband channel is characterized based on the root mean square (RMS) delay spread and the mean excess delay that are the main time dispersion parameters. The cumulative distribution function (CDF) is used to model the RMS delay spread based on different distributions. In this paper, the parameters that are derived from 28 GHZ measurements which were conducted in New York City have been used to modify the COST 2100 model. The modified model is used to model the wideband channel at 28 GHz band in LOS scenario. The results show that the RMS delay spread varies between 129 ns and 247 ns for LOS scenario. The results also show that the correlation between RMS delay spread and transmitter-receiver (TX-RX) separation distance is low. The maximum mean excess delay is 454.8 ns.
3 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...But to meet the high data rate demand for the 5G cellular networks and beyond 5G, the new resources in high frequencies beyond 10 GHz in particular mm-wave bands should be looked for the cellular industry [4], [5]....
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References
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Book•
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher:
The indispensable guide to wireless communicationsnow fully revised and updated!
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step.
Coverage includes:
An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond
Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more
Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation
Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding
New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives
New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE
Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies
Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references
Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems
Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technologytoday's and tomorrow's.
17,102 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...Also, the human body and many outdoor materials being very reflective, allow them to be important scatterers for mmW propagation [28], [30]....
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...However, these measurements were performed in an outdoor campus setting with much lower building density and greater opportunities for LOS connectivity than would be found in a typical urban deployment....
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...Despite the potential of mmW cellular systems, there are a number of key challenges to realizing the vision of cellular networks in these bands: • Range and directional communication: Friis’ transmis- sion law [54] states that the free space omnidirectional path loss grows with the square of the…...
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TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
6,708 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In both 28- and 73-GHz measurements, each point was classified as either being in a NLOS or LOS situation, based on a manual classification made at the time of the measurements; see [26] and [28]–[33]....
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...• Empirical NYC: These curves are based on the omnidirectional path loss predicted by our linear model (1) for the mmW channel with the parameters from Table 1, as derived from the directional measurements in [26]....
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...Details of the measurements can be found in [26], [28]– [33], [81]....
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...This tremendous potential has led to considerable recent interest in mmW cellular both in industry [7]–[9], [18], [19] and academia [20]–[26], with a growing belief that mmW bands will play a significant role in beyond 4G and 5G cellular systems [27]....
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...In particular, we survey our own measurements [26], [28]–[33] made in New York City (NYC) in both 28- and 73-GHz bands and the statistical models for the channels developed in [34]....
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TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.
Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].
5,158 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...These multiple antenna systems can be used to form very high gain, electrically steerable arrays, fabricated at the base station (BS), in the skin of a cellphone, or even within a chip [6], [10]–[17]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications.
Abstract: New research directions will lead to fundamental changes in the design of future fifth generation (5G) cellular networks. This article describes five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications. The key ideas for each technology are described, along with their potential impact on 5G and the research challenges that remain.
3,711 citations
TL;DR: The technical and business arguments for femtocells are overview and the state of the art on each front is described and the technical challenges facing femtocell networks are described and some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them are given.
Abstract: The surest way to increase the system capacity of a wireless link is by getting the transmitter and receiver closer to each other, which creates the dual benefits of higher-quality links and more spatial reuse. In a network with nomadic users, this inevitably involves deploying more infrastructure, typically in the form of microcells, hot spots, distributed antennas, or relays. A less expensive alternative is the recent concept of femtocells - also called home base stations - which are data access points installed by home users to get better indoor voice and data coverage. In this article we overview the technical and business arguments for femtocells and describe the state of the art on each front. We also describe the technical challenges facing femtocell networks and give some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them.
3,298 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...Heterogeneous networks, or HetNets, have been one of the most active research areas in cellular standards bodies in the last five years [45], [48], [67], [68], with the main focus being intercell interference coordination and load balancing....
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