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Journal ArticleDOI

Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless Networks: Potentials and Challenges

05 Feb 2014-Vol. 102, Iss: 3, pp 366-385
TL;DR: Measurements and capacity studies are surveyed to assess mmW technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments and it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities.
Abstract: Millimeter-wave (mmW) frequencies between 30 and 300 GHz are a new frontier for cellular communication that offers the promise of orders of magnitude greater bandwidths combined with further gains via beamforming and spatial multiplexing from multielement antenna arrays. This paper surveys measurements and capacity studies to assess this technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments. The conclusions are extremely encouraging; measurements in New York City at 28 and 73 GHz demonstrate that, even in an urban canyon environment, significant non-line-of-sight (NLOS) outdoor, street-level coverage is possible up to approximately 200 m from a potential low-power microcell or picocell base station. In addition, based on statistical channel models from these measurements, it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities. Cellular systems, however, will need to be significantly redesigned to fully achieve these gains. Specifically, the requirement of highly directional and adaptive transmissions, directional isolation between links, and significant possibilities of outage have strong implications on multiple access, channel structure, synchronization, and receiver design. To address these challenges, the paper discusses how various technologies including adaptive beamforming, multihop relaying, heterogeneous network architectures, and carrier aggregation can be leveraged in the mmW context.
Citations
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Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Aug 2019
TL;DR: This paper analyzes the mobility performance in the mmWave-μWave heterogeneous network (mm-μ-HetNet) and derives the handover cost with the transmission delay induced by handover, and formulates an optimization problem to achieve the minimum hand over cost subject to a certain coverage requirement.
Abstract: The forthcoming 5G cellular networks is expected to overlay mmWave transmission with the incumbent microwave (μWave) architecture. The mmWave links are sensitive to the blockage caused by obstacles, which affects both signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) and handover performance for mobile users. In this paper, we analyze the mobility performance in the mmWave-μWave heterogeneous network mm-μ-HetNet). We begin by obtaining the handover rate for a mobile user in the mm-μ-HetNet with the locations of mmWave base stations (BSs) and μWave BSs modeled as two independent Poisson point processes (PPP). The received SINR distribution along with a chosen SINR threshold is then used to obtain the coverage probability. To capture the performance loss caused by user mobility, we derive the handover cost with the transmission delay induced by handover. Finally, we formulate an optimization problem to achieve the minimum handover cost subject to a certain coverage requirement. Numerical results show that it is better to preferentially deploy mmWave BSs when mmWave link blockage is severe and it is necessary to jointly deploy mmWave and μWave BSs when the mmWave link blockage is slight.

2 citations


Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."

  • ...To this end, mmWave BSs must be deployed densely [1] or coexist with the the conventional μWave BSs [2]....

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  • ...However, field measurements [1] have shown that the availability of mmWave links can be highly intermittent, due to the blockage caused by obstacles....

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Proceedings ArticleDOI
02 Nov 2015
TL;DR: The Single Knife Edge Diffraction (SKED) model is used to predict diffraction loss on the propagation path due to knife edge obstructions for street level to roof top NLOS SCB links and shows that the model can be used in the development of algorithms for SCB radio devices with cognitive and self-organizing capabilities.
Abstract: The dense deployment of low cost small cell access networks in urban areas has generally been accepted as a solution to the capacity and coverage problem in 5G access networks. This deployment strategy has however, resulted in the need for high capacity, low cost backhaul systems. Millimeter-wave (mmW) technologies with inherent Gbps capacity are currently being considered as possible solutions. However, like all wireless systems deployed in urban, mmW backhaul solutions will require clear line-of-sight for proper operation. The systems must also have autonomous capabilities to achieve the scalability and flexibility expected of 5G transport systems. Recent measurement campaigns have shown that usable links based on diffracted signals are achievable under non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions in urban environments. In our earlier work, an intelligent NLOS SCB system which uses diffracted signals has been proposed. In this paper we study existing propagation models for urban environments. We use the Single Knife Edge Diffraction (SKED) model to predict diffraction loss on the propagation path due to knife edge obstructions for street level to roof top NLOS SCB links. Using ideal SKED parameter values to be used in the design and optimization of typical NLOS SCB systems, a numerical analysis of the effect of varying these parameters on diffraction loss is carried out. The results obtained show that the model can be used in the development of algorithms for SCB radio devices with cognitive and self-organizing capabilities. Future work will involve the development of such algorithms using Genetic Algorithm.

2 citations

Book ChapterDOI
05 Nov 2018
TL;DR: This work considers two technologies that offer increased transmission bandwidths by virtue of their high carrier frequencies, namely optical wireless and millimeter-wave transmission and finds that in both cases, there are regions where optical wireless communications (OWC) are better, but others where millimeter waves are to be preferred.
Abstract: Growing bandwidth demands are driving the search for increased network capacity leading to the exploration of new wavelength ranges for future communication systems. Therefore, we consider two technologies that offer increased transmission bandwidths by virtue of their high carrier frequencies, namely optical wireless and millimeter-wave transmission. After highlighting the relevant electromagnetic (EM) spectrum region, we briefly describe the applications and properties of each approach coupled with a short history of their development. This is followed by a performance comparison in two possible 5G links: outdoor point-to-point and indoor hotspots. We find that in both cases, there are regions where optical wireless communications (OWC) are better, but others where millimeter waves are to be preferred. Specifically, the former outperforms the latter over distances up to approximately 50 meters outdoors and a 10-meter hotspot radius indoors.

2 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Jun 2017
TL;DR: This paper proposes a CANDECOMP/PARAFAC (CP) decomposition-based method for downlink channel estimation for millimeter wave MIMO systems over frequency selective channels and reveals that the uniqueness of the CP decomposition can be guaranteed even when the size of the tensor is small.
Abstract: In this paper, the downlink channel estimation for millimeter wave (mmWave) MIMO systems over frequency selective channels is considered, where both the base station (BS) and the mobile station (MS) are equipped with massive number of antennas. We assume hybrid analog and digital beamforming structures are employed at BS and MS. To overcome the frequency selective fading, we employ orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing (OFDM) in transmission. By exploiting the sparse scattering nature of mmWave channels, we propose a CANDECOMP/PARAFAC (CP) decomposition-based method for downlink channel estimation. Our analysis reveals that the uniqueness of the CP decomposition can be guaranteed even when the size of the tensor is small. Hence the proposed method has the potential to achieve substantial training overhead reduction. Simulation results show that the proposed method presents a clear advantage over the compressed sensing-based method in terms of both estimation accuracy and computational complexity.

2 citations


Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."

  • ...Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication is a promising technology for future cellular networks [1]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an index-based policy upper confidence bound (UCB)-deadline is proposed to serve randomly arriving and delay-sensitive traffic over a multi-channel communication system with time-varying channel states and unknown statistics.
Abstract: We study the problem of serving randomly arriving and delay-sensitive traffic over a multi-channel communication system with time-varying channel states and unknown statistics. This problem deviates from the classical exploration-exploitation setting in that the design and analysis must accommodate the dynamics of packet availability and urgency as well as the cost of each channel use at the time of decision. To that end, we have developed and investigated an index-based policy upper confidence bound (UCB)-deadline, which performs dynamic channel allocation decisions that incorporate these traffic requirements and costs. Under symmetric channel conditions, we have proved that the UCB-deadline policy can achieve bounded regret in the likely case where the cost of using a channel is not too high to prevent all transmissions, and logarithmic regret otherwise. In this case, we show that UCB-deadline is order-optimal. We also perform numerical investigations to validate the theoretical fundings, and also compare the performance of the UCB-deadline to another learning algorithm that we propose based on Thompson sampling.

2 citations

References
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Book
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher: The indispensable guide to wireless communications—now fully revised and updated! Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step. Coverage includes: An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technology—today's and tomorrow's.

17,102 citations


"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Also, the human body and many outdoor materials being very reflective, allow them to be important scatterers for mmW propagation [28], [30]....

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  • ...However, these measurements were performed in an outdoor campus setting with much lower building density and greater opportunities for LOS connectivity than would be found in a typical urban deployment....

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  • ...Despite the potential of mmW cellular systems, there are a number of key challenges to realizing the vision of cellular networks in these bands: • Range and directional communication: Friis’ transmis- sion law [54] states that the free space omnidirectional path loss grows with the square of the…...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.

6,708 citations


"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...In both 28- and 73-GHz measurements, each point was classified as either being in a NLOS or LOS situation, based on a manual classification made at the time of the measurements; see [26] and [28]–[33]....

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  • ...• Empirical NYC: These curves are based on the omnidirectional path loss predicted by our linear model (1) for the mmW channel with the parameters from Table 1, as derived from the directional measurements in [26]....

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  • ...Details of the measurements can be found in [26], [28]– [33], [81]....

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  • ...This tremendous potential has led to considerable recent interest in mmW cellular both in industry [7]–[9], [18], [19] and academia [20]–[26], with a growing belief that mmW bands will play a significant role in beyond 4G and 5G cellular systems [27]....

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  • ...In particular, we survey our own measurements [26], [28]–[33] made in New York City (NYC) in both 28- and 73-GHz bands and the statistical models for the channels developed in [34]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.
Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].

5,158 citations


"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper

  • ...These multiple antenna systems can be used to form very high gain, electrically steerable arrays, fabricated at the base station (BS), in the skin of a cellphone, or even within a chip [6], [10]–[17]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications.
Abstract: New research directions will lead to fundamental changes in the design of future fifth generation (5G) cellular networks. This article describes five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications. The key ideas for each technology are described, along with their potential impact on 5G and the research challenges that remain.

3,711 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The technical and business arguments for femtocells are overview and the state of the art on each front is described and the technical challenges facing femtocell networks are described and some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them are given.
Abstract: The surest way to increase the system capacity of a wireless link is by getting the transmitter and receiver closer to each other, which creates the dual benefits of higher-quality links and more spatial reuse. In a network with nomadic users, this inevitably involves deploying more infrastructure, typically in the form of microcells, hot spots, distributed antennas, or relays. A less expensive alternative is the recent concept of femtocells - also called home base stations - which are data access points installed by home users to get better indoor voice and data coverage. In this article we overview the technical and business arguments for femtocells and describe the state of the art on each front. We also describe the technical challenges facing femtocell networks and give some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them.

3,298 citations


"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Heterogeneous networks, or HetNets, have been one of the most active research areas in cellular standards bodies in the last five years [45], [48], [67], [68], with the main focus being intercell interference coordination and load balancing....

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