Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless Networks: Potentials and Challenges
05 Feb 2014-Vol. 102, Iss: 3, pp 366-385
TL;DR: Measurements and capacity studies are surveyed to assess mmW technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments and it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities.
Abstract: Millimeter-wave (mmW) frequencies between 30 and 300 GHz are a new frontier for cellular communication that offers the promise of orders of magnitude greater bandwidths combined with further gains via beamforming and spatial multiplexing from multielement antenna arrays. This paper surveys measurements and capacity studies to assess this technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments. The conclusions are extremely encouraging; measurements in New York City at 28 and 73 GHz demonstrate that, even in an urban canyon environment, significant non-line-of-sight (NLOS) outdoor, street-level coverage is possible up to approximately 200 m from a potential low-power microcell or picocell base station. In addition, based on statistical channel models from these measurements, it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities. Cellular systems, however, will need to be significantly redesigned to fully achieve these gains. Specifically, the requirement of highly directional and adaptive transmissions, directional isolation between links, and significant possibilities of outage have strong implications on multiple access, channel structure, synchronization, and receiver design. To address these challenges, the paper discusses how various technologies including adaptive beamforming, multihop relaying, heterogeneous network architectures, and carrier aggregation can be leveraged in the mmW context.
Citations
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16 Oct 2019
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors introduce the SPEC (Safety, Privacy, Efficiency, Cybersecurity) problem which arises in self-organizing and self-healing networks of fully automated terrestrial vehicles, and CMX functionalities intended for vehicular onboard systems.
Abstract: Human lives are at stake in networked systems of automated vehicles. Drawing from mature domains where life/safety critical cyberphysical systems have already been deployed as well as from various scientific disciplines, we introduce the SPEC (Safety, Privacy, Efficiency, Cybersecurity) problem which arises in self-organizing and self-healing networks of fully automated terrestrial vehicles, and CMX functionalities intended for vehicular onboard systems. CM stands for Coordinated Mobility, X stands for S, P, E and C. The CMX framework encompasses cyberphysical constructs (cells, cohorts) endowed with proven properties, onboard proactive security modules, unfalsifiable cyberphysical levels, protocols and distributed algorithms for timed-bounded inter-vehicular communications, reliable message dissemination, trusted explicit agreements/coordination, and privacy preserving options that insulate passengers from illegitimate internal cyber-surveillance and external eavesdropping and tracking. We establish inter alia that safety and privacy can be obtained jointly, by design. The focus of this report is on SE properties. Notably, we show how to achieve theoretical absolute safety (0 fatalities and 0 severe injuries in rear-end collisions and pileups) and highest efficiency (smallest safe inter-vehicular gaps) jointly, by design, in spontaneous cohorts of vehicles. Results conveyed in this report shall open new opportunities for innovative research and development of high societal impact.
1 citations
22 Mar 2017
TL;DR: An outdoor free-space optical point-to-point communication system is considered which is operating under weak turbulence and it is observed that the finite-SNR diversity gain decreases exponentially as the multiplexing gain increases, whereas in case of radio frequency channels the decrease in diversity gain is linear.
Abstract: An outdoor free-space optical (FSO) point-to-point communication system is considered which is operating under weak turbulence. The presence of a weak turbulence is common in the case of FSO systems working with high beam lasers and such an FSO channel is modeled with a log-normal probability distribution function. For this system the outage probability and the finite-SNR diversity gain are analyzed for fixed variance of light intensity. We observe that the finite-SNR diversity gain decreases exponentially as the multiplexing gain increases, whereas in case of radio frequency (RF) channels the decrease in diversity gain is linear. Apart from this, we also observe that the diversity gain peaks up with increase in average signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver and further reduces as SNR is increased. Furthermore, at a fixed SNR, the reduction in variance of light intensity increases the diversity gain.
1 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...FSO uses the visible light spectrum band [1], [2], whereas mmW uses the spectrum from 30 to 300 GHz where the available bandwidth is much higher than what is available currently in the radio-frequency (RF) band [3]....
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01 Apr 2016
TL;DR: This paper formulate a joint optimization to integrate the energy efficiency across networks and proposes a novel joint cross-networks scheduling and routing algorithm according to the wireless channel quality of users, user rate, and the topology constraint.
Abstract: Low-delay and high energy-efficiency (defined as the transmitted bits per unit energy consumption) are highly expected in next general wireless networks. The existing green technologies of Internet Protocol (IP) have been studied in the wired and wireless networks, respectively. However, the joint optimization of the cross-networks energy-efficiency from the wired wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks to the next generation wireless networks remains unexplored. In this paper, we formulate a joint optimization to integrate the energy efficiency across networks. Specifically, each base station (BS) first collects the uplink user data. We then propose a novel joint cross-networks scheduling and routing algorithm according to the wireless channel quality of users, user rate, and the topology constraint. The IP packets are then delivered to the targeted users within the limit of delay. Based on the tradeoff between delay and energy efficiency, we achieve energy efficient and performance guaranteed cross-networks. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is verified by extensive simulations.
1 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...Most existing studies in the energy consumption consider wired networks [8] [9] and wireless networks [10] [11] [12] [13] separately, which may miss the possibility of cross-networks designs to improve energy efficiency when the bounded packet delays and no packet losses are considered....
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...…wireless bandwidth, and í µí± be the number of transmit antennas. í µí± denotes the power cost by generating unit of wireless bandwidth in BS [11] [12]; í µí± is the power cost per transmit antenna in BS; í µí± is the Routing phase Time 1 2 3 4 Stage 1: Traffic accumulation; Stage 2: Algorithm…...
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01 Aug 2019
TL;DR: The results indicate that 6-bit phase shifter is sufficient for the 64QAM data transmission and phase noise resulted from the local oscillator can be neglected in the mmWave testbed.
Abstract: In this paper, a software-defined radio(SDR)-based phased antenna array mmWave testbed is proposed and implemented. We first provide the underlying system model pertaining to the mmWave testbed. Then, details of the mmWave phased antenna array and the transceiver baseband signal processing procedure are deliberately illustrated. Non-uniform linear beam coding is adopted in the beam codebook design and over-theair experiments are conducted to demonstrate the feasibility and validity. The results indicate that 6-bit phase shifter is sufficient for the 64QAM data transmission and phase noise resulted from the local oscillator can be neglected in our mmWave testbed. Besides, more attention should be paid to the phase quantization than the phase random error in the phased antenna array.
1 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...However, signals at mmWave frequency suffer from a severe attenuation, including high free space path-loss, high reflection loss, large rain fading and shadowing, etc [4], [5]....
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01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: In the final chapter of this text, this work provides a concise summary of millimeter-wave applications that might have appeared throughout the earlier chapters to avoid flooding earlier chapters with detailed system-level explanations that derail the discussion from the topic at hand.
Abstract: In the final chapter of this text, we provide a concise summary of millimeter-wave applications that might have appeared throughout the earlier chapters. It is intended as a quick reference, in order to avoid flooding earlier chapters with detailed system-level explanations that derail the discussion from the topic at hand. The interested reader is still encouraged to consult other textbook references that provide much greater detail on some of the topics that we touch on. As we will find, most of the basic concepts that are discussed in this chapter are applicable to a wide range of areas.
1 citations
References
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Book•
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher:
The indispensable guide to wireless communicationsnow fully revised and updated!
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step.
Coverage includes:
An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond
Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more
Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation
Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding
New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives
New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE
Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies
Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references
Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems
Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technologytoday's and tomorrow's.
17,102 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...Also, the human body and many outdoor materials being very reflective, allow them to be important scatterers for mmW propagation [28], [30]....
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...However, these measurements were performed in an outdoor campus setting with much lower building density and greater opportunities for LOS connectivity than would be found in a typical urban deployment....
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...Despite the potential of mmW cellular systems, there are a number of key challenges to realizing the vision of cellular networks in these bands: • Range and directional communication: Friis’ transmis- sion law [54] states that the free space omnidirectional path loss grows with the square of the…...
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TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
6,708 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In both 28- and 73-GHz measurements, each point was classified as either being in a NLOS or LOS situation, based on a manual classification made at the time of the measurements; see [26] and [28]–[33]....
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...• Empirical NYC: These curves are based on the omnidirectional path loss predicted by our linear model (1) for the mmW channel with the parameters from Table 1, as derived from the directional measurements in [26]....
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...Details of the measurements can be found in [26], [28]– [33], [81]....
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...This tremendous potential has led to considerable recent interest in mmW cellular both in industry [7]–[9], [18], [19] and academia [20]–[26], with a growing belief that mmW bands will play a significant role in beyond 4G and 5G cellular systems [27]....
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...In particular, we survey our own measurements [26], [28]–[33] made in New York City (NYC) in both 28- and 73-GHz bands and the statistical models for the channels developed in [34]....
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TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.
Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].
5,158 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...These multiple antenna systems can be used to form very high gain, electrically steerable arrays, fabricated at the base station (BS), in the skin of a cellphone, or even within a chip [6], [10]–[17]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications.
Abstract: New research directions will lead to fundamental changes in the design of future fifth generation (5G) cellular networks. This article describes five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications. The key ideas for each technology are described, along with their potential impact on 5G and the research challenges that remain.
3,711 citations
TL;DR: The technical and business arguments for femtocells are overview and the state of the art on each front is described and the technical challenges facing femtocell networks are described and some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them are given.
Abstract: The surest way to increase the system capacity of a wireless link is by getting the transmitter and receiver closer to each other, which creates the dual benefits of higher-quality links and more spatial reuse. In a network with nomadic users, this inevitably involves deploying more infrastructure, typically in the form of microcells, hot spots, distributed antennas, or relays. A less expensive alternative is the recent concept of femtocells - also called home base stations - which are data access points installed by home users to get better indoor voice and data coverage. In this article we overview the technical and business arguments for femtocells and describe the state of the art on each front. We also describe the technical challenges facing femtocell networks and give some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them.
3,298 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...Heterogeneous networks, or HetNets, have been one of the most active research areas in cellular standards bodies in the last five years [45], [48], [67], [68], with the main focus being intercell interference coordination and load balancing....
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