Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless Networks: Potentials and Challenges
05 Feb 2014-Vol. 102, Iss: 3, pp 366-385
TL;DR: Measurements and capacity studies are surveyed to assess mmW technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments and it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities.
Abstract: Millimeter-wave (mmW) frequencies between 30 and 300 GHz are a new frontier for cellular communication that offers the promise of orders of magnitude greater bandwidths combined with further gains via beamforming and spatial multiplexing from multielement antenna arrays. This paper surveys measurements and capacity studies to assess this technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments. The conclusions are extremely encouraging; measurements in New York City at 28 and 73 GHz demonstrate that, even in an urban canyon environment, significant non-line-of-sight (NLOS) outdoor, street-level coverage is possible up to approximately 200 m from a potential low-power microcell or picocell base station. In addition, based on statistical channel models from these measurements, it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities. Cellular systems, however, will need to be significantly redesigned to fully achieve these gains. Specifically, the requirement of highly directional and adaptive transmissions, directional isolation between links, and significant possibilities of outage have strong implications on multiple access, channel structure, synchronization, and receiver design. To address these challenges, the paper discusses how various technologies including adaptive beamforming, multihop relaying, heterogeneous network architectures, and carrier aggregation can be leveraged in the mmW context.
Citations
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01 Jan 2018
TL;DR: The capacity and reach of the system are improved while the cost and complexity are reduced by eliminating the necessity of using a high-frequency sinewave generator in the modulator and the transmission of the encoded signal, decoding and its detection is simulated.
Abstract: We have designed and studied a W-band OCDMA radio-over-fiber system. To increase the number of channels, optical encoding and decoding are utilized. The theoretical analysis of generation, modulation and optical encoding of a signal is presented. Also, to confirm the theoretical analysis, the transmission of the encoded signal, decoding and its detection is simulated. Two optical codes (m-sequence and quaternary phase shift) with different code lengths are used and the results are presented. Simulation results for each set of codes are compared and the performance of each code is evaluated in the final bit error rate measurements. The quaternary phase shift codes show almost 20 dB of BER gain compared to m-sequence. In addition, the number of channels that are accommodated by the quaternary phase shift codes are more than four times the m-sequence code with the same length. The stability of the system is improved by using a low-frequency sinewave generator to modulate the signal to the W-band. Also, the capacity and reach of the system are improved while the cost and complexity are reduced by eliminating the necessity of using a high-frequency sinewave generator in the modulator. This system simultaneously guarantees increased capacity and reach for a radio-over-fiber network.
1 citations
Cites methods from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...derivations from the Bessel functions Jn(x), we can rewrite (2) to a more intuitive format: EDEMZM1 = Ein 2 ....
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22 May 2016
TL;DR: An iterative decoding scheme relying on the accuracy of the first iteration's log likelihood ratio (LLR) computation to estimate the RMM coefficients of the received symbols, and it is shown that a few iterations are enough to obtain a bit error rate (BER) performance close to the best case scenario.
Abstract: The expectations for fifth generation (5G) systems involve handling huge throughputs together with power consumption. In order to address this issue, massive multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) schemes were developed exploring the fact that any M-ary constellation can be decomposed as several offset quadrature phase shift keying (OQPSK) signals, to be amplified by efficient saturated amplifiers and transmitted separately. Since nonlinear amplifiers should be employed with constant envelope signals to avoid nonlinear distortion, a ring-type magnitude modulation (RMM) technique was proposed for bandlimited OQPSK signals to mitigate its envelope fluctuations while maintaining its spectral characteristics. This technique was shown to improve the power amplification efficiency of linear amplification with nonlinear components (LINC) transmitters, although with some degradation of the of the detection performance. This paper proposes an iterative decoding scheme relying on the accuracy of the first iteration's log likelihood ratio (LLR) computation to estimate the RMM coefficients of the received symbols. Several LLR computation methods are compared with the ideal case where the receiver knows each symbol's RMM coefficients, and it is shown that a few iterations are enough to obtain a bit error rate (BER) performance close to the best case scenario.
1 citations
Cites background from "Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..."
...The unprecedented growth of mobile data traffic and the increasing demand for higher data rate has propelled the upcoming 5G (Fifth Generation) systems to the millimeter wave (mm-wave) bands, whose large available frequency bands allow significant capacity gains [1], [2]....
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Posted Content•
TL;DR: This paper presents a multi-objective utility optimization interpretation to find the best SE-EE weighted tradeoff among AC, DC, and HC schemes, and considers an additive quantization noise model to evaluate the achievable rates with low resolution ADCs.
Abstract: In this work, we study the achievable rate and the energy efficiency of Analog, Hybrid and Digital Combining (AC, HC and DC) for millimeter wave (mmW) receivers. We take into account the power consumption of all receiver components, not just Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC), determine some practical limitations of beamforming in each architecture, and develop performance analysis charts that enable comparison of different receivers simultaneously in terms of two metrics, namely, Spectral Efficiency (SE) and Energy Efficiency (EE). We present a multi-objective utility optimization interpretation to find the best SE-EE weighted trade-off among AC, DC and HC schemes. We consider an Additive Quantization Noise Model (AQNM) to evaluate the achievable rates with low resolution ADCs. Our analysis shows that AC is only advantageous if the channel rank is strictly one, the link has very low SNR, or there is a very stringent low power constraint at the receiver. Otherwise, we show that the usual claim that DC requires the highest power is not universally valid. Rather, either DC or HC alternatively result in the better SE vs EE trade-off depending strongly on the considered power consumption characteristic values for each component of the mmW receiver.
1 citations
Additional excerpts
...future broadband communication [3]–[7]....
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04 Dec 2022
TL;DR: In this article , the authors present a software-defined platform for the design, prototyping, and evaluation of the end-to-end application performance at 60 GHz, where they evaluate the performance of a video streaming use case with different video bitrates, Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCSs), and link configurations.
Abstract: The harsh propagation environment in the millimeter wave (mmWave) band impacts all the layers of the protocol stack. This calls for full-stack, end-to-end performance evaluation platforms, with programmable lower layers, to enable cross-layer approaches, and with the support for application data traffic and transport protocols. So far, most full-stack mmWave studies have relied on commercial mmWave devices, which have limited insights and programmability at the link level, or on simulations. This paper introduces a fully programmable, software-defined platform for the design, prototyping, and evaluation of the end-to-end application performance at 60 GHz. It extends the NI mmWave Transceiver System (MTS) with real-time video streaming capabilities and a reliable retransmission-based Medium Access Control (MAC) layer. This platform establishes a framework that can be used for the development and evaluation of cross-layer optimization at mmWaves. We evaluate the performance of a video streaming use case with different video bitrates, Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCSs), and link configurations, to showcase the end-to-end, full-stack capabilities of the platform, and discuss the challenges for the support of real-time application traffic over a link with 2 GHz of bandwidth.
1 citations
17 Oct 2022
TL;DR: Experimental results, conducted over the 60-GHz COSMOS-based mobile platform, show that the MAB-based beam tracking learning model can achieve almost 92% throughput compared to the Genie-aided beams after a few learning samples.
Abstract: Communication over large-bandwidth millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum bands can provide high data rate, through utilizing high-gain beamforming vectors (briefly, beams). Real-time tracking of such beams, which is needed for supporting mobile users, can be accomplished through developing machine learning (ML) models. While computer simulations were used to show the success of such ML models, experimental results are still limited. Consequently in this paper, we verify the effectiveness of mmWave beam tracking over the open-source COSMOS testbed. We particularly utilize a multi-armed bandit (MAB) scheme, which follows reinforcement learning (RL) approach. In our MAB-based beam tracking model, the beam selection is modeled as an action, while the reward of the algorithm is modeled through the link throughput. Experimental results, conducted over the 60-GHz COSMOS-based mobile platform, show that the MAB-based beam tracking learning model can achieve almost 92% throughput compared to the Genie-aided beams after a few learning samples.
1 citations
References
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Book•
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher:
The indispensable guide to wireless communicationsnow fully revised and updated!
Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step.
Coverage includes:
An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond
Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more
Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation
Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding
New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives
New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE
Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies
Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references
Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems
Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technologytoday's and tomorrow's.
17,102 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...Also, the human body and many outdoor materials being very reflective, allow them to be important scatterers for mmW propagation [28], [30]....
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...However, these measurements were performed in an outdoor campus setting with much lower building density and greater opportunities for LOS connectivity than would be found in a typical urban deployment....
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...Despite the potential of mmW cellular systems, there are a number of key challenges to realizing the vision of cellular networks in these bands: • Range and directional communication: Friis’ transmis- sion law [54] states that the free space omnidirectional path loss grows with the square of the…...
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TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
6,708 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background or methods in this paper
...In both 28- and 73-GHz measurements, each point was classified as either being in a NLOS or LOS situation, based on a manual classification made at the time of the measurements; see [26] and [28]–[33]....
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...• Empirical NYC: These curves are based on the omnidirectional path loss predicted by our linear model (1) for the mmW channel with the parameters from Table 1, as derived from the directional measurements in [26]....
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...Details of the measurements can be found in [26], [28]– [33], [81]....
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...This tremendous potential has led to considerable recent interest in mmW cellular both in industry [7]–[9], [18], [19] and academia [20]–[26], with a growing belief that mmW bands will play a significant role in beyond 4G and 5G cellular systems [27]....
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...In particular, we survey our own measurements [26], [28]–[33] made in New York City (NYC) in both 28- and 73-GHz bands and the statistical models for the channels developed in [34]....
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TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.
Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].
5,158 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...These multiple antenna systems can be used to form very high gain, electrically steerable arrays, fabricated at the base station (BS), in the skin of a cellphone, or even within a chip [6], [10]–[17]....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications.
Abstract: New research directions will lead to fundamental changes in the design of future fifth generation (5G) cellular networks. This article describes five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications. The key ideas for each technology are described, along with their potential impact on 5G and the research challenges that remain.
3,711 citations
TL;DR: The technical and business arguments for femtocells are overview and the state of the art on each front is described and the technical challenges facing femtocell networks are described and some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them are given.
Abstract: The surest way to increase the system capacity of a wireless link is by getting the transmitter and receiver closer to each other, which creates the dual benefits of higher-quality links and more spatial reuse. In a network with nomadic users, this inevitably involves deploying more infrastructure, typically in the form of microcells, hot spots, distributed antennas, or relays. A less expensive alternative is the recent concept of femtocells - also called home base stations - which are data access points installed by home users to get better indoor voice and data coverage. In this article we overview the technical and business arguments for femtocells and describe the state of the art on each front. We also describe the technical challenges facing femtocell networks and give some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them.
3,298 citations
"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper
...Heterogeneous networks, or HetNets, have been one of the most active research areas in cellular standards bodies in the last five years [45], [48], [67], [68], with the main focus being intercell interference coordination and load balancing....
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