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Journal ArticleDOI

Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless Networks: Potentials and Challenges

05 Feb 2014-Vol. 102, Iss: 3, pp 366-385
TL;DR: Measurements and capacity studies are surveyed to assess mmW technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments and it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities.
Abstract: Millimeter-wave (mmW) frequencies between 30 and 300 GHz are a new frontier for cellular communication that offers the promise of orders of magnitude greater bandwidths combined with further gains via beamforming and spatial multiplexing from multielement antenna arrays. This paper surveys measurements and capacity studies to assess this technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments. The conclusions are extremely encouraging; measurements in New York City at 28 and 73 GHz demonstrate that, even in an urban canyon environment, significant non-line-of-sight (NLOS) outdoor, street-level coverage is possible up to approximately 200 m from a potential low-power microcell or picocell base station. In addition, based on statistical channel models from these measurements, it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities. Cellular systems, however, will need to be significantly redesigned to fully achieve these gains. Specifically, the requirement of highly directional and adaptive transmissions, directional isolation between links, and significant possibilities of outage have strong implications on multiple access, channel structure, synchronization, and receiver design. To address these challenges, the paper discusses how various technologies including adaptive beamforming, multihop relaying, heterogeneous network architectures, and carrier aggregation can be leveraged in the mmW context.
Citations
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Patent
02 Dec 2019
TL;DR: In this paper, a repeater includes a first coupler receiving a first guided electromagnetic wave that propagates along a surface of a transmission medium without requiring an electrical return path, and a second coupler converting the first transmit signal to a second generated electromagnetic wave.
Abstract: A repeater includes a first coupler receives a first guided electromagnetic wave that propagates along a surface of a transmission medium without requiring an electrical return path, the first coupler generating a first received signal in response to the first guided electromagnetic wave. Impulse cancellation circuitry generates a first impulse noise signal in response to impulse noise in the first received signal. Transceiver circuitry generates a first transmit signal based on the first received signal and the first impulse noise signal, wherein the transceiver circuitry cancels the first impulse noise signal when generating the first transmit signal. A second coupler converts the first transmit signal to a second guided electromagnetic wave that propagates along the surface of the transmission medium without requiring an electrical return path.
Book ChapterDOI
16 Sep 2015
TL;DR: The combination of Ultra-Dense Networks (UDN) and millimetre Waves (mmW) communications has recently been recognized by the industry and research community as a promising solution to cope with the evolving requirements of the fifth generation (5G) of cellular networks.
Abstract: The combination of Ultra-Dense Networks (UDN) and millimetre Waves (mmW) communications has recently been recognized by the industry and research community as a promising solution to cope with the evolving requirements of the fifth generation (5G) of cellular networks. Indeed, the problem of capacity provisioning has drawn the attention to mmW due to the spectrum scarcity at lower frequency bands. Additionally, the densification process has already started with the introduction of the well-known Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets).Thus the use of UDN is another natural approach for increasing the overall network capacity, especially in such indoor environments where high data rates and service demand are expected. In this paper, the combination of the previous paradigms is analysed by means of comprehensive system-level simulations. Unfortunately, the particularities of indoor deployments make radio propagation difficult to predict and limit the macro-cell coverage, hence these simulations have been evaluated using advanced Ray Tracing (RT) techniques. Results confirm the superior system performance of the mmW and UDN tandem with respect to current operating bands.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Oct 2017
TL;DR: The beamspace MIMO framework is applied to compare the achievable sum-rates in a small cell served by an access point using a lens array-based or phased array- based architecture and discusses the hardware complexity of the two architectures to enable performance-complexity-energy optimization.
Abstract: Multi-beamforming and data multiplexing is a key functionality for realizing the spatial multiplexing gains in multiuser MIMO systems at millimeter-wave (mmW) frequencies. Due to prohibitive complexity of conventional digital beamforming, two main approaches to hybrid analog-digital beamforming are being investigated that use either phased arrays or lens arrays for analog beamforming. While the two approaches are equivalent from a purely communication-theoretic perspective, they offer very different tradeoffs in terms of performance, complexity and power consumption. In particular, all existing phased array-based prototypes are limited to a single beam per aperture, due to hardware constraints, thereby necessitating the use of multiple smaller sub-arrays for multi-beam operation. On the other hand, the beam switching network presents a hardware challenge in lens array-based systems, thereby limiting the coverage achieved by particular radio-frequency chain. In this paper, we apply the beamspace MIMO framework to compare the achievable sum-rates in a small cell served by an access point using a lens array-based or phased array-based architecture. We also discuss the hardware complexity of the two architectures to enable performance-complexity-energy optimization.
Proceedings ArticleDOI
04 Aug 2019
TL;DR: It has been found that the obtained path loss exponents were often much less than those anticipated in free space (i.e., n = 2) particularly for non-line of sight scenarios.
Abstract: This paper empirically investigates the path loss for indoor 60 GHz device-to-device (D2D) channels. In particular, we consider signal propagation between two user equipments (UEs) which are operated in close proximity to the human body within an indoor environment. Two key UE operating modes were studied: (i) making a voice call and (ii) carrying a device. It has been found that the obtained path loss exponents were often much less than those anticipated in free space (i.e., n = 2) particularly for non-line of sight scenarios.
References
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Book
15 Jan 1996
TL;DR: WireWireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design as discussed by the authors, which covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs).
Abstract: From the Publisher: The indispensable guide to wireless communications—now fully revised and updated! Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition is the definitive modern text for wireless communications technology and system design. Building on his classic first edition, Theodore S. Rappaport covers the fundamental issues impacting all wireless networks and reviews virtually every important new wireless standard and technological development, offering especially comprehensive coverage of the 3G systems and wireless local area networks (WLANs) that will transform communications in the coming years. Rappaport illustrates each key concept with practical examples, thoroughly explained and solved step by step. Coverage includes: An overview of key wireless technologies: voice, data, cordless, paging, fixed and mobile broadband wireless systems, and beyond Wireless system design fundamentals: channel assignment, handoffs, trunking efficiency, interference, frequency reuse, capacity planning, large-scale fading, and more Path loss, small-scale fading, multipath, reflection, diffraction, scattering, shadowing, spatial-temporal channel modeling, and microcell/indoor propagation Modulation, equalization, diversity, channel coding, and speech coding New wireless LAN technologies: IEEE 802.11a/b, HIPERLAN, BRAN, and other alternatives New 3G air interface standards, including W-CDMA, cdma2000, GPRS, UMTS, and EDGE Bluetooth wearable computers, fixed wireless and Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), and other advanced technologies Updated glossary of abbreviations and acronyms, and a thorolist of references Dozens of new examples and end-of-chapter problems Whether you're a communications/network professional, manager, researcher, or student, Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition gives you an in-depth understanding of the state of the art in wireless technology—today's and tomorrow's.

17,102 citations


"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Also, the human body and many outdoor materials being very reflective, allow them to be important scatterers for mmW propagation [28], [30]....

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  • ...However, these measurements were performed in an outdoor campus setting with much lower building density and greater opportunities for LOS connectivity than would be found in a typical urban deployment....

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  • ...Despite the potential of mmW cellular systems, there are a number of key challenges to realizing the vision of cellular networks in these bands: • Range and directional communication: Friis’ transmis- sion law [54] states that the free space omnidirectional path loss grows with the square of the…...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements are presented and a variety of measurement results are offered that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.
Abstract: The global bandwidth shortage facing wireless carriers has motivated the exploration of the underutilized millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency spectrum for future broadband cellular communication networks. There is, however, little knowledge about cellular mm-wave propagation in densely populated indoor and outdoor environments. Obtaining this information is vital for the design and operation of future fifth generation cellular networks that use the mm-wave spectrum. In this paper, we present the motivation for new mm-wave cellular systems, methodology, and hardware for measurements and offer a variety of measurement results that show 28 and 38 GHz frequencies can be used when employing steerable directional antennas at base stations and mobile devices.

6,708 citations


"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...In both 28- and 73-GHz measurements, each point was classified as either being in a NLOS or LOS situation, based on a manual classification made at the time of the measurements; see [26] and [28]–[33]....

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  • ...• Empirical NYC: These curves are based on the omnidirectional path loss predicted by our linear model (1) for the mmW channel with the parameters from Table 1, as derived from the directional measurements in [26]....

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  • ...Details of the measurements can be found in [26], [28]– [33], [81]....

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  • ...This tremendous potential has led to considerable recent interest in mmW cellular both in industry [7]–[9], [18], [19] and academia [20]–[26], with a growing belief that mmW bands will play a significant role in beyond 4G and 5G cellular systems [27]....

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  • ...In particular, we survey our own measurements [26], [28]–[33] made in New York City (NYC) in both 28- and 73-GHz bands and the statistical models for the channels developed in [34]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time.
Abstract: Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology is maturing and is being incorporated into emerging wireless broadband standards like long-term evolution (LTE) [1]. For example, the LTE standard allows for up to eight antenna ports at the base station. Basically, the more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, and the more degrees of freedom that the propagation channel can provide, the better the performance in terms of data rate or link reliability. More precisely, on a quasi static channel where a code word spans across only one time and frequency coherence interval, the reliability of a point-to-point MIMO link scales according to Prob(link outage) ` SNR-ntnr where nt and nr are the numbers of transmit and receive antennas, respectively, and signal-to-noise ratio is denoted by SNR. On a channel that varies rapidly as a function of time and frequency, and where circumstances permit coding across many channel coherence intervals, the achievable rate scales as min(nt, nr) log(1 + SNR). The gains in multiuser systems are even more impressive, because such systems offer the possibility to transmit simultaneously to several users and the flexibility to select what users to schedule for reception at any given point in time [2].

5,158 citations


"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper

  • ...These multiple antenna systems can be used to form very high gain, electrically steerable arrays, fabricated at the base station (BS), in the skin of a cellphone, or even within a chip [6], [10]–[17]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications.
Abstract: New research directions will lead to fundamental changes in the design of future fifth generation (5G) cellular networks. This article describes five technologies that could lead to both architectural and component disruptive design changes: device-centric architectures, millimeter wave, massive MIMO, smarter devices, and native support for machine-to-machine communications. The key ideas for each technology are described, along with their potential impact on 5G and the research challenges that remain.

3,711 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The technical and business arguments for femtocells are overview and the state of the art on each front is described and the technical challenges facing femtocell networks are described and some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them are given.
Abstract: The surest way to increase the system capacity of a wireless link is by getting the transmitter and receiver closer to each other, which creates the dual benefits of higher-quality links and more spatial reuse. In a network with nomadic users, this inevitably involves deploying more infrastructure, typically in the form of microcells, hot spots, distributed antennas, or relays. A less expensive alternative is the recent concept of femtocells - also called home base stations - which are data access points installed by home users to get better indoor voice and data coverage. In this article we overview the technical and business arguments for femtocells and describe the state of the art on each front. We also describe the technical challenges facing femtocell networks and give some preliminary ideas for how to overcome them.

3,298 citations


"Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless N..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Heterogeneous networks, or HetNets, have been one of the most active research areas in cellular standards bodies in the last five years [45], [48], [67], [68], with the main focus being intercell interference coordination and load balancing....

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